Transport Across The Fermentation Tank Engineering Essay

Agitators in fermenter play a major function in blending the medium. Agitation in fermenters improves heat and mass conveyance across the agitation armored combat vehicle. Mechanically moved fermenters are well-suited for usage with shear-sensitive agitations that require good O transportation and majority commixture than the conventional air lift fermenters. Fermenter, in biotechnology is usually explained as a container where the host cells incorporating the recombinant Deoxyribonucleic acid are grown. In simple footings fermenter is an setup which maintains optimum conditions for the growing of micro-organisms which are used in big scale agitation in the production of enzymes and other chemicals. Basically the fermenter consists of a fomenter either bottom driven or top driven. The most normally used is the fermenter with a top-drive assembly because of its easiness of operation, orderly design, dependability, and hardiness. Agitators in fermenter play a major function in blending the medium which is invariably aerated which means supplying efficient mass exchange in footings of gas stage and liquid stage ( blending ) by providing nutrition and taking away the metabolites. Mass transportation is enhanced by agitation from the headspace to the majority of the liquid ; it creates less anaerobiotic environment ( microaerophilic ) for agitation, farther decelerating down the agitation clip and upseting the ecological equilibrium. The chief intent of agitation usually are intermixing of two mixable liquids, fade outing solids in liquids, scattering a gas in a liquid as all right bubbles, suspending of all right solid atoms in a liquid and to increase heat transportation between the fluid and a spiral or jacket in the vas wall. Agitators must able to make self-cleaning and must forestall monolithic subsiding. Agitation provides practical benefits peculiarly in agitation vass with hapless heat-transfer characteristics. It improves heat and mass conveyance across the agitation armored combat vehicle. By bettering those agitation can cut down temperature heterogeneousness and destroy concentration gradients during agitation, supplying a more unvarying microenvironment for microbic growing. This has positive economic and merchandise quality-related benefits like cut downing the agitation clip, and better standardising process public presentation and merchandise properties. Most of the chemical and processing industries depend on effectual agitation and commixture of fluids for most operations. Generally agitation refers to coercing fluid by mechanical agencies to flux in a peculiar form like circulatory or other pattern inside a vas. Blending normally involves scattering two or more separate stages such as a fluid and a solid or two fluids with one another. Agitation besides has disadvantages peculiarly in industrial agitation procedures. Agitation may interfere with the gel-formation procedure, a cardinal quality property in house yoghurt ( Kristo et al. , 2003 ; Lee and Lucey, 2004 ) and agitation during agitation would suppress the lactic acid formation involved in the procedure ( Driessen, 1998 ; Early, 2000 ) , accordingly widening the agitation clip and perchance changing the quality, there is a possibility of it favoring the incorporation of air into the system, interfering with the agitation kineticss, an anaerobiotic event. Agitators have different parts and all the traveling parts can be made unapproachable by enveloping underneath the vas, therefore doing it a safer piece of setup. There are different sorts of fomenters with or without motor driven. With the motor belt goaded fomenter any spillage can be avoided by straight falling onto the motor since it is non sited straight below the fomenter shaft. Double mechanical seal in the fomenter is necessary to guarantee that the medium does non leak out at the shaft lodging. Depending upon blending demands the agitation shaft will be provided with two or three impellers, each with four or six blades. It is of import that the exterior coating of the fomenter should fit that specified for the vas. Bigger impeller diameters result in shorter blend clip and lower extremum shear. Though it has benefits it is besides necessary to see the higher cost, increased quiver and larger run-out and more robust design demands associated with larger diameter impellers and greater fluid forces. Orientation and size of fomenters varies with fermenters. Scale-Up: In production conditions, either the fomenter revolutions per minute is varied or the impeller is changed to obtain similar blending clip. These impellers can run at much higher tip velocities since they convert a bigger fraction of their power input into unstable pumping instead than shear. There are two chief occupations of fomenters in a cell civilization. First is to obtain the coveted O and C dioxide mass transportation by bring forthing adequate shears which can be characterized by gas mass transportation effectivity and the 2nd is to maintain the vessel well-blended to minimise fluctuations in temperature, pH and linear concentration. The cells inside should be exposed to higher mechanical force or thermic force and or emphasis. The peak shear rate must be kept low plenty to avoid cell harm or emphasis. Bigger the mass transportations is better, because cut downing the fraction of O in the sprinkle gas or flow of sprinkle gas lowers the operating cost and reduces cell harm in certain cell lines. Deluging occurs if the fomenter turns excessively easy for the gas rate and if the gas burden exceeds the implosion therapy point consequences in lower mass transportation. Doppler velocimetry is used to mensurate the shear produced by an fomenter utilizing a optical maser beam to scan the instantaneous speed at points throughout the vas. The fomenter is preferred to be top mounted which makes it easy to take it during go oning operation and to avoid voidance of fermenter during care work on the fomenter. Airlift type and automatically stirred/ agitated fermenters are widely used in bioprocessing. Airlift fermenters are utile where there is necessity of soft agitation and low cost O transportation and in comparatively less syrupy fluids while the mechanical fomenter is works more expeditiously for higher-viscosity fluids. Normally used fermenter which utilizes mechanical agitation rules chiefly uses radial flow impellers during the agitation procedure. Top-mounted fomenters are common in smaller vass where they are easier to seal, but do require longer shafts and larger diameter to command run-out and quiver while in big scale production underside mounted fomenters are by and large used where they need shorter shafts of 3m or less. The latter type is easy to manage since the shaft are of smaller diameter and they are cost effectual. It is easy to take the mechanical seal. Agitator must be mounted either on an angle or offset from the vas Centre line when the vas does non hold baffles. Baffled vass with centre top-mounted fomenters are more common. General chromium steel steel fomenter with high opposition to corrosion A mechanical fomenter is driven by an explosion-proof motor ( electric motor ) , it has a shaft and cogwheel coupled to a cogwheel box that drives the impeller shaft and may even hold immersed bearings if the shaft is really long. The impellers ( turbines ) transform mechanical power into unstable circulation or agitation. The aim of the properly designed mechanical agitation system are unvarying suspension of solids, appropriate application of shear, homogeneous fluid belongingss throughout the system and economical application of applied power. The rotating parts in a mechanical fomenter are capable to change by reversaling emphasiss that may ensue in metal weariness, failure of shafts, seals and fomenter blades particularly when the environment is temperature specific. Experimental setup that consists of jacketed 50 milliliter reactor ( Parr, theoretical account 4843 ) with mechanical agitation. Fermenter with Mechanical Agitation ( www.scielo.br/scielo.php? script=sci_arttext ) During the commixture procedure, the mechanical fomenter plants by turning the mechanical power into thermic energy where the energy ( temperature ) is introduced non-uniformly into the volume. This produces harmful effects to the life beings and agitations in the procedures, which exist merely in limited temperature scope. The commixture can be improved by increasing rates of aeration and mechanical agitation. However, the influence of aeration rate on blending clip was most outstanding merely under conditions of small or no mechanical agitation. The independent agitation reduces the demand for long flow channels besides maintains efficient blending irrespective of merchandise throughput or viscousness. The fermenter design becomes more complex when mechanical agitation is applied for blending nevertheless it offers considerable advantages in footings of versatility and public presentation. Strong axial commixture is one of the less desirable characteristics of mechanical fomenter. There are some major disadvantages in utilizing mechanical fomenters such as unsystematic commixture, where it shear fluid and impel it around the commixture vas. High-turbulent and dead zones are formed during blending which consequence in un-uniform nutrition supply to cells, due to mechanical force produced by sociable ‘s beater the microbic cells may decease. Overheating is formed on the terminals of sociable ‘s beater countries ( micro zones ) which are besides destructive for cells. Mechanical fomenter has merely a motor ; it may hold a provender pump, nevertheless. Mechanical fomenters can non be made on plastic if necessary. Top-entering mechanical fomenters typically require a befuddled armored combat vehicle and it can non blend the armored combat vehicle when it ‘s less full. More dead musca volitanss are formed whilst utilizing a mechanical fomenter. Mechanical fomenter typically needs one impeller diameter of clearance near the armored combat vehicle to supply energy during solid suspension. A mechanical fomenter by and large uses less energy for liquid blending in armored combat vehicles smaller than 3 thousand Defense Intelligence Agency, but during solids suspension, liquid blending and gas/liquid contacting in large-volume ( over 1,000 gal ) fermenters with mechanical agitation costs higher. The additive liquid speed in the downcomer increased with the increasing velocity of the fomenter but was non sensitive to the aeration rate, except in the airlift manner of operation ( N=0 revolutions per minute ) . The fact that the liquid speed varied small with aeration rate in automatically agitated operation whereas at a changeless agitation speed the commixture clip declined with increasing rate of aeration suggests that under given conditions of mechanical commixture, the gas bubbles lifting through the fluid were an of import cause of blending. Bubbling frequence additions with increasing aeration rate and the bubbles lifting relation to the liquid carry in their aftermaths a certain sum of fluid. As celebrated earlier, the consequence of mechanical agitation on blending clip was pronounced merely at comparatively low aeration rates. At higher aeration speeds ( UGr?0.04 ms?1 ) , lifting bubbles seemed to the dominant cause of the commixture Depending on the strength of the mechanical agitation, air sparging of the riser zone may or may non better the commixture public presentation. At sufficiently high aeration rates ( UGr?0.04 ms?1 ) , the usage of mechanical agitation during commixture has lesser importance. Air lift agitation utilizes compressed air to continuously recycle slurry. Consisting of simple piping, air lift agitation requires no traveling parts and negligible care. The consequence is homogenous slurry. Mechanical impeller will shear certain cells that are less delicate. For the ground the mechanical fomenter, which causes unwanted emphasis and perturbation is removed from the medium. About 70 % of consumed power is used for get the better ofing the defying force ( in a medium ) with mechanical fomenters. In this connexion mechanical power is automatically turned into thermic energy and therefore consequences in excess harmful warming of the civilization. Therefore this excess warming must be removed from the fermenters. In Airlift Fermenters the civilizations are both aerated and agitated by air bubbles introduced at the underside of vass. The vas has an inner bill of exchange tubing through which the air bubbles and the aerated medium rise since aerated medium is lighter than not aerated one which consequences in commixture of the civilization every bit good as aeration. The air bubbles lift to the top of the medium and the air passes out through an mercantile establishment. The cells and the medium that lift out of the bill of exchange tubing move down outside the tubing and are recirculated. O2 supply is rather efficient but scaling up nowadayss certain jobs. These sorts of fermenters are now used for production of monoclonal antibodies. The contents are pneumatically agitated by a watercourse of air and or sometimes by gas. In add-on to agitation, this watercourse besides has the of import map of interceding exchange between the gas stage and the medium ; O is normally transferred to the liquid, and in some instances metabolic merchandises are removed through exchange with the gas stage. Air lift fermenters eliminate the possible grinding jobs encountered in agitated fermenters. Due to take down shear force the extents of cell desorption from atom surfaces would be less as compared to agitated systems while utilizing solid substrates. Air lift fermenters are energy efficient and easy to run, and require merely tight air for aeration and agitation and extinguish the demand of mechanical agitation. Oxygen transportation efficiency is higher than mechanical agitated fermenter. Lab or pilot workss can non easy air trial because it requires long bubble opposition clip with minimal wall retarding force. The short vass where mechanical agitation is required for good agitation public presentation compared to air agitated fermenters. If the vas has chilling spirals the commixture is good from top to bottom. Air agitated fermenters exist in industry today for a broad scope of merchandises. Air-lift stirred without mechanical seal The chief advantages in utilizing air lift fermenters are improved asepsis because of no top or bottom come ining agitation shaft, building of really big fermenter is possible because the design is non limited by motor size, shaft length and its weight, infrigidation demands are reduced 20 to 35 % because of no mechanical agitation, cheaper fermenter design. No care of motors, gear boxes, bearings or seals. The air agitated fermenter is a feasible blending power unit like a variable velocity thrust with no motor and drive noise. Air compressors can be steam driven to cut down power cost and go on to run during power outages in big workss with minimum power coevals for controls. Air-lift fermenter exhibit lower rates of O mass transportation and commixture compared to agitated bioreactors and therefore their usage for industrial production of enzymes could ensue in O lack of the agitation broth and unequal majority commixture. On the other manus, compared to other fermenters, air-lift fermenters have a simpler design, have a lower capital and operating costs and exhibit a lower shear environment. For the latter ground, air-lift fermenters have been used successfully in agitation of shear sensitive micro-organism in high viscousness. The chief disadvantages are because of weak blending they do non ever suit for civilizations with active critical maps. They do n't hold intensive nutrition supply and do n't take away the metabolites intensively. Sudden alteration of force per unit area will do the air bubbles drifting to the surface and in bend devastate sensitive cells. It besides produces abundant foaming. The application of chemical froth ledgeman makes quality of concluding merchandise worse and the procedure more expensive. These disadvantages are connected with hurt of cells and micro-organisms during the procedure of the medium commixture, deficient strength of mass exchange, formation of high-turbulent and dead zones, high power ingestion, low features when they works with syrupy fluids. This is a table demoing the chief advantages and disadvantages of air lift and mechanical fomenters in fermenters: Mechanical Air lift

Roman Government Compared to United States Government

Brooke BulfBulf 1 Mr. Vansant L. A 19 march 2013 The government from ancient Rome had a big impact on our modern government. Our senate is modeled after the Ancient Roman government. Although there are some similarities there are many differences between the Roman government and the U. S government. At first early Rome was ruled by kings and in 510 B. C Romans agreed that a king would never rule them again. The last king was the most unpopular because he ruled in the worst way. His name was Tarquinus. He ruled without telling the council his ideas. He also put to death anyone he pleased.The Romans drove Tarquinus out of Rome. One similarity from ancient Rome and our government is the Senate. For example a senator is a person from the government in Rome that is also in the modern government. Our Senators for the state of California are Barbara Boxer and Dianne Feinstein. A senator in the United States acts as a representative in Congress. There are two senators elected in each state t herefore there are 100 senator within the U. S. A senator in ancient Rome was a little different. Their senate was chosen from patricians’. Patricians were considered the upper class of Rome.Senators were usually relatives of past senators. They were also the people who made up the laws and controlled much of the spending. Although ancient Rome had senator the emperor was the ultimate ruler. Romans did not elect people to the senate. They were chosen from the Bulf 2 council and there were hundreds of senators. One of the differences in the government of the United States and ancient Rome is the United States has a two party system, Democrats and Republicans, but Romans had an emperor. Within our two party systems a president is elected into office and the Romans chose an emperor based on their social status.Our president serves a four-year term and no more than two terms. Emperors had no term limits and served for life. One of the similarities of the United States and ancient Rome includes their government started out as a republic. By definition a republic means, â€Å"A state in which  the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them. † The romans divided their citizens into citizens, noncitizens, and slaves. The citizens were then divided again into patricians and plebeians. These people had more right than the other noncitizens.There were also equestrians were rich men who served in the army. It was very possible to change ranks in Roman society. Equestrians could become senators and many roman citizens had slave ancestors. Some slave or freemen (ex-slaves) ran the civil service. Women in Rome were expected to be good wives and mothers. They were in charge of the life in the house. Girls were educated to primary level if at all. Wealthy woman enjoyed their independence. Large numbers of women were slaves. If you were wealthy it consist of play and scho ol. Some Roman fathers would educate their own children. A school day typically ran from dawn to noon.Some parents who were very poor couldn’t feed their children and they left them out to die. Family was vey important to the Romans. The paterfamiliases were wealthy Bulf 3 families. The husband had the power from life to death of his children. The men were the masters of the house and the family. During the day, they worked outside of the home. If you were a rich man you would begin your day by putting on a toga and eating breakfast with bread, cheese, honey, and water. A rich man would start his work by writing letters to other Romans, seeing clients, and going to the forum to meet other businessmen.Poor men were craftsmen, shopkeepers, or farmers. Also if you were a poor man you would start work at delight. Poor men only had bread for breakfast. Rome territory included an area that is now more than 30 countries. The size of The Roman Empire led to its fall. Since the area w as so huge, barbarian tribes started to invade the borders and slowly the Roman Empire fell. In fact Rome’s area was so large it was split into western and eastern empires with separate government and emperor for each territory. Rome covered most of Europe, most of North Africa, and some of Asia. That massive rea created problems for the Roman Empire which led to the western and eastern split. This made it easier to protect their land. Western Rome controlled Europe and North Africa including the city of Rome. Eastern Rome controlled Turkey and parts of Asia and included the city of Byzantium. In conclusion ancient Rome was a very interesting place with a government and normal life. Our government has both similarities and differences of the ancient Roman government. It was interesting to learn how large Rome was and the vast area that was hard to control. Based on what I learned I would prefer to be in the wealthy social status of ancient Rome.

Tajikistan civil war (1992-1997) Research Paper

Tajikistan civil war (1992-1997) - Research Paper Example Ethnic groups: Tajik 80%, Uzbek 15%, Russian and others 5%.Religion (2010 Embassy est.): Sunni Muslim 95%, Shi'a Muslim 3%, other 2%. Language: Tajik (the official state language as of 1994, with follow-up legislation in 2009); Russian is widely used in government and business; 74% of the population lives in rural communities where mostly Tajik is spoken. Education: Literacy (according to the Tajikistan Living Standards Survey for 2007)--97.4%. The Tajik education system has been struggling through a period of decline since independence, however, and some evidence suggests functional literacy is much lower. Health (2010 est.): Life expectancy--62.29 years men; 68.52 years women. Infant mortality rate--41.03 deaths/1,000 live births. Work force (2010): The official work force is 2.1 million. The actual number of working age citizens is closer to 4 million. As many as half of all working age males, and an increasing number of females, seek jobs outside of the country, primarily in Russ ia. The Republic of Tajikistan gained its independence during the breakup of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) on September 9, 1991 and soon fell into a civil war. From 1992 to 1997 internal fighting ensued between old-guard regionally based ruling elites and disenfranchised regions, democratic liberal reformists, and Islamists loosely organized in a United Tajik Opposition (UTO). Other combatants and armed bands that flourished in this civil chaos simply reflected the breakdown of central authority rather than loyalty to a political faction. The height of hostilities occurred between 1992 and 1993. By 1997, the predominantly Kulyabi-led Tajik Government and the UTO had negotiated a power-sharing peace accord and implemented it by 2000. Once guaranteed 30% of government positions, former oppositionists have almost entirely been removed from government as President Rahmon has consolidated power. The last Russian border guards protecting Tajikistan's 1,344 km border w ith Afghanistan completed their withdrawal in July 2005. Russia maintains its military presence in Tajikistan with the basing of the Russian 201st Motorized Rifle Division that never left Tajikistan when it became independent. Most of these Russian-led forces, however, are local Tajik noncommissioned officers and soldiers. Tajikistan's most recent parliamentary elections in 2010 and its 2006 presidential election were considered to be flawed and unfair but peaceful. The parliamentary elections, in which the ruling party secured 55 of the 63 seats, failed to meet many key Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) standards on democratic elections, and some observers saw them as even worse than the flawed 2005 elections. In June 2003, Tajikistan held a flawed referendum to enact a package of constitutional changes, including a provision to allow President Rahmon the possibility of re-election to up to two additional 7-year terms after his term expired in 2006.† Civil War Brief Summary of The Conflict After the civil war in 1992, sporadic fighting continued in remote areas. The road to peace in Tajikistan has been long and tedious. (Tajikistan Civil War), â€Å"The process of national reconciliation in this impoverished Central Asian country was set in motion by a June 1997 UN-mediated settlement between Tajikistan's Moscow-backed government and the

Faith-Based Nursing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Faith-Based Nursing - Research Paper Example According to Miguel Rosa, her among other faith-based nurses, are responsible for series activities in this faith-based healthcare including the provision of health education, taking blood pressure, giving patients referral, and providing immediate critical health concerns such as first aid. Despite their nursing and medical knowledge, these faith-based nurses are believed to have strong theological in attachment in the provision of health care (Anderson and McFarlane, 2010). Therefore, they often combine their services with prayers to ensure that everything they do is per the will of God. According to Miguel, he has created a strong bond with the church and the health care due to her long service to these institutions. Moreover, her remarkable participation in the activity of the church, the church gave her the responsibility of being the head of the deacons. This position has made her serve the church in different capacities especially in the outreach services where he aims at teaching value of the church to the community (Reynolds, 2008). Additionally, he noted that these outreach services have made her have close ties with different community members who often invites her to undertake service delivery at the patients’ homes when necessary (OBrien, 2011). Miguel notes that nurses often offer most of these services voluntarily and without the patients paying for these emergency works among other services offered to them. Another area that he notes that the church takes part in the charitable contributions that he is proud to lead as a form of service delivery (Reynolds, 2008). Notably, the church covers a large region; hence, the contributions of over 800 members are helpful to the successfully drive the church charity activity including the health care.  

Sustainable Use of Gas in Israel Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 2

Sustainable Use of Gas in Israel - Assignment Example Since then, other deposits have been found on the shores of Israel along the Mediterranean Sea. Initially, all the gas deposits were for exportation, but since 2004, there has been an increase in the demand for gas within the local economy. Industries were growing and the energy demand of the country was rising. However, the extraction of gas has numerous effects on the environment. This is made worse by the fact that drilling of gas is done in the sea as this endangers the marine life. Most drilling companies do not adhere to the strict environmental regulations due to the offshore nature of this activity. However, in the recent past, there have been instances that have resulted in spillages in the sea and this has brought to light the activities of these offshore companies. The main role of this project is, therefore, to come up with a framework by which the gas companies can operate sustainable businesses by considering the impact that this industry has on the environment. The country of Israel is well endowed with natural resources. Most of this has been in the oil sector with the country having many refineries. In 2009, the Tamar natural gas deposits were found off the coast of Haifa, Israel. This discovery marked a major turnaround in the energy sector for Israel (Cohn 2010). The Tamar gas fields are one of the largest natural gas deposits in the world and have the potential to meet all the energy requirements of Israel for the next 20 or 30 years. This was however only the beginning because in the next year there was the discovery of several other deposits in Leviathan and Tanin. The Leviathan deposit is twice as big as the Tamar deposit. This marked a major shift in the fortunes of Israel as it begun to exploit these natural resources. The location of Israel next to the major oil producers in the world had not helped it meet its energy demand given the hostile relations between Israel and most of these nations.  

Foundations of qualitative and quantitative methods Essay

Foundations of qualitative and quantitative methods - Essay Example The outcome is sufficient actionable conclusions. Qualitative method provides a greater insight into the behavior of people that contributes towards healthy or unhealthy population. The method often uses case studies and observation of a population. For example, a study on HIV on a particular community may use the qualitative method to identify behaviors that increase the prevalence of the disease in the population under study. A qualitative method would supplement the qualitative method by availing the statistical part. The method gives a better presentation of conclusions in numerical form, shows trends and demographics of a population. In the above example of a study on HIV, quantitative method is important in showing aspects such as number of vulnerable persons, high-risk ages, and the economic cost of the disease. In conclusion, the above illustration shows that a nursing research provides better and actionable conclusions when both qualitative and quantitative methods are used. Whereas qualitative methods provide a theoretical perspective of a phenomenon, the quantitative method avails data evidence to enhance the viability and reliability of the results. However, using both methods is complex, time-consuming and requires expertise in theory and

Antimicrobial Resistance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Antimicrobial Resistance - Essay Example In doing so the microbes develop primary resistant to the drugs. Another cause for resistance is when the health care providers use excessive antibiotics and antimalarials that in the long run lead to drug resistance (WHO, 20ll) . The patients on the other hand have contributed to drug resistance because of failure to complete prescribed doses. Some get better and through away the drugs before they are healed. They also engage in self medication by buy drugs that are not meant to treat a certain diseases in so doing they increase drug resistance (Stephen S. Morse, 1995). The inndustries increase drug resistance through the manufacture of substandard drugs that have low potency and therefore do not cure diseases. Some industries also import counterfeit drugs that are of very low quality, while some manufacture drugs with wrong ingredients and all these result in drug resistance. To help prevent antimicrobial resistance health care providers should educate the health workers so as to curb inappropriate prescribing. Secondly, they should also train drug dispensers to require prescriptions and make refferals when necessary (Richard Smith, 2001). Third they can also improve the communication between the patients and the doctor so as to improve adherence to prescribed drugs. Lastly they can institute disease control practises such as use of mosquito nets, hand washing to reduce pathogen transmissions (CDC, 2000). CDC. (2000, January). A public health action plan to combat antimicrobial resistance. Retrieved Septemeber 22, 2011, from Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance: http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/actionplan/aractionplan.pdf Richard Smith, J. C. (2001, September). Interventions against antimicrobial resistance. Retrieved September 22, 2011, from Global Forum for Health Research: http://www.who.int/drugresistance/interventions_against_antimicrobial_resistance.pdf Stephen S. Morse, P. (1995, March).

National Advocacy Paper (political science) Research

National Advocacy (political science) - Research Paper Example Like the Arizona anti-immigration law, the Alabama Bill has been the subject of much debate and controversy. Hammon’s campaign sentiments express the general views of those who support Arizona-style anti-immigration laws. Hammon said: We’ve let this go on too long. Our budget cannot handle it. Our justice system cannot handle all the crime. We want them to stop taking advantage of our benefits (Beyerle 2011). These sentiments reflect the concern that undocumented individuals are taking jobs that American citizens can have. More troubling however, undocumented aliens do not pay income taxes and as a result the government is denied a valuable source of revenue. If American citizens held the jobs that are currently taken by undocumented aliens, their income would be taxed. Complicating matters, undocumented aliens typically send their income to family and loved ones in their countries of origin, thus contributing to or worsening the depressed economy (Langley 2007, p. 19). Ultimately, arguments in favour of anti-immigration laws that mirror the Arizona immigration law and the Alabama Bill take the position that, illegal aliens take away from the economy rather than contribute to it. At the same time, illegal aliens enjoy the benefits that come with contributing to economic growth and tax revenues. The extent of those benefits are manifested by the fact that they live in the US and use facilities supported by tax-payers, such as schools, hospitals, parks, roads and other essential provisions and amenities (Langley 2007, pp. 19-20). As for crime, the Testimony of District Attorney John M. Morganelli befor the House Subcommittee on Immigration Border, Security and Claims reflects the concerns about illegal immigration and crime. Morganelli noted that: The majority of illegal aliens who are here are engaged in criminal activity. Identity theft, use of fraudulent social security numbers and green cards, tax evasion, driving without licenses represent some of the crimes that are engaged in by the majority of illegal aliens on a daily basis merely to maintain and hide their illegal status (The Dark Side of Illegal Immigration, n.d.). There is no denying the authenticity of these concerns. Any time an event or a system of events contributes toward criminal activity and economic decline, it requires immediate attention and resolution. The obvious question is then, why are anti-immigration laws so controversial? Why was there so much debate and controversy over Arizona’s anti-immigration law? Why should these controversies and debates concern Alabama’s law-makers and any other state seeking to resolve the immigration issues identified in the preceding passages? The other side of the argument sheds some light on the contentious issues surrounding the immigration issue. The primary concern for advocates against the Alabama Bill is reflective of the concern expressed against the Arizona Immigration Law. That concern is human r ights issues. As Jason Childs, State Director for the Center for Progress in Alabama stated: These people are not some kind of problem to be dealt with, they’re committed members of our community, they’re human beings with inalienable rights, they have been a tremendous resource for our state (Wolverton 2011). It is unclear how illegal

What is the relationship between happiness and meaning Why Essay

What is the relationship between happiness and meaning Why - Essay Example In modern times, a parallel to this view becomes most apparent in the philosophical works of Victor Emil Frankl, MD. PhD. Dr.h.c.mult., the most renowned Austrian psychologist. Suffering was the force that strengthened his personality and enriched his character with such grit that he evolved as an individual who retained the ability to feel and express love towards mankind. The three years he spent in Auschwitz, Dachau and other concentration camps in the Nazi Regime, have inflamed his spirit instead of quelling it, thereby transforming him into a most resolute and positive human being. The conscience of most men would have got distorted by what he underwent; but Frankl resurrected from the grueling experience and emerged as a person who found meaning by surviving a terrible experience. He had rendered his services as a professor and director in many medical schools and universities including Harvard. He had also been bestowed with honorary doctorate degrees by 29 universities and has also won several awards. (Life and Work). Frankl had authored a number of books and articles, which were translated in 32 world languages, but the one that is most relevant t o the topic is Man’s Search for Meaning: An Introduction to Logotherapy, published in English in 1963. Frankl’s approach of existentialism is based on three philosophical and psychological concepts: Freedom of Will, Will to Meaning and Meaning in Life. (What is Logotherapy and Existential Analysis?). He promotes the idea that humans can exercise free will to mold their lives, and a person who possesses wisdom that comes from spirituality has full control over how his life shapes up. This ability further equips humans to identify their purposes and to achieve the goal. Those who do not apply their wisdom in understanding the objectives of their life feel that their basic existence is meaningless because searching and finding the meaning of ‘being’ is the