Dakosaurus - Facts and Figures

Name: Dakosaurus (Greek for tearing lizard); pronounced DACK-oh-SORE-us Habitat: Shallow seas of Eurasia and North and South America Historical Period: Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous (150-130 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 15 feet long and 1,000-2,000 pounds Diet: Fish, squids and marine reptiles Distinguishing Characteristics: Dinosaur-like head; primitive rear flippers About Dakosaurus Like its close relatives Metriorhynchus and Geosaurus, Dakosaurus was technically a prehistoric crocodile, even if this fierce marine reptile was more reminiscent of the mosasaurs that appeared tens of millions of years later. But unlike other metriorhynchids, as these sea-going crocodiles are called, Dakosaurus looked like it was assembled out of the bits and pieces of other animals: its head resembled that of a terrestrial theropod dinosaur, while its long, clumsy, leg-like hind flippers pointed to a creature only partly evolved beyond its terrestrial origins. Overall, it seems unlikely that Dakosaurus was a particularly fast swimmer, though it was clearly just speedy enough to prey on its fellow marine reptiles, not to mention assorted fish and squids. For a marine reptile, Dakosaurus has an unusually long pedigree. The type species of the genus, initially mistaken for a specimen of Geosaurus, was named way back in 1856, and before that scattered Dakosaurus teeth were mistaken for those of the terrestrial dinosaur Megalosaurus. However, the real buzz about Dakosaurus began in the late 1980s, when a new species, Dakosaurus andiniensis, was discovered in the Andes Mountains of South America. One D. andiniensis skull discovered in 2005 was so large and fearsome that it was dubbed Godzilla by the excavating team, one paleontologist going on record as saying that this dinosaur-like reptile represented the most drastic evolutionary change in the history of marine crocodiles.

The Character of Macbeth - 2227 Words

The Character of Macbeth The play Macbeth is a portrait of one man, Macbeth, showing how he changes. Although we are presented with his deterioration from good to evil, we can see his human side throughout the play, which makes it a tragedy. It is the shortest of Shakespeare s tragedies, and has a very fast pace. Once Macbeth s ambition has ‘set the ball rolling , events happen quickly in the play as it gathers momentum. The themes of ‘Macbeth are ambition, effects of evil, and violence, shown mainly by the language of the play, as in Shakespeare s time plays were performed in daylight with very few props. Ambition is something that everyone can identify with, and ‘Macbeth is a compelling study of how ambition can destroy†¦show more content†¦(1:7 L12-16) This shows that Macbeth is not totally evil, but his ambition spurs him on. Later in the scene, Macbeth decides not to commit the murder, but Lady Macbeth taunts him until he gives in, showing that he is weak, and Lady Macbeth is much the more dominant of the two. Lady Macbeth had said earlier ‘I fear thy nature, it is too full o th milk of human kindness (1:5 L14-15), showing that she knew that Macbeth was not strong enough or evil enough to murder Duncan on his own, and she would have to push him into it. This shows that Macbeth was decent, but not strong minded. As the time for Duncan s murder draws nearer and nearer, Macbeth becomes more and more nervous, and is prone to hallucinations; for example when he says ‘Is this a dagger I see before me (2:1 L35) and ‘I see thee still and on thy blade dudgeon gouts of blood (2:1 L45-46); he is imagining that he sees a dagger covered with blood pointing towards Duncan s chamber. He later describes another hallucination - ‘Thou sure and firm-set earth, hear not my steps, which way they walk, for fear thy very stones prate of my whereabouts (2:1 L56-58). He is afraid that the stones will call out to the people that he is a murderer. Both hallucinations show that he is sensitive and has big doubts about the murder, and he is not entirely a cold-blooded murderer, who would have no such scruples. However, his language becomes more and more to do withShow MoreRelatedMacbeth Character1548 Words   |  7 Pagescomplex yet entertaining character. His play of Macbeth is no exception. One might judge Macbeth to be the valiant hero of the play, to the audiences surprise and bewilderment, he is also the villain. To create such a character requires an unparalleled plot and great writing skill. Macbeth’s character is expressed in a way that relates to the audience. His moral transformation from valiant to vile, his moral hesitation and his torturing conscience are all elements that condemn Macbeth but at the same timeRead MoreMacbeth and Lady Macbeths Character1976 Words   |  8 PagesThe play ‘Macbeth’ was believed by scholars to have been written by William Shakespeare sometime between 1603 and 1606. Shakespeare’s date of birth is unknown but he was baptised on 26th April 1564 and died on 23rd April 1616, aged 52. He was an English poet and playwright w ith 38 plays, 154 sonnets, 2 long narrative poems, and several other poems which all consist of his surviving works. His plays have been translated into every major language and are performed more than any other playwrights aroundRead MoreMacbeth Character Essay766 Words   |  4 PagesIn Shakespeare’s Macbeth, malicious characters are portrayed as obviously evil and influential. Macbeth, however, is one character that is not represented in this way, in fact he is quite the opposite. The new king is seen as a victim of his foul wife’s influences and the witches prophecies but is really only supported by them and these ideas, leading him to make decisions based on evil ambition and a wicked desire for power. Readers are pushed to believe that Macbeth deserves sympathy, but as allRead MoreCharacter Of Lady Macbeth758 Words   |  4 PagesIn Shakespeares play Macbeth, he displays the clashing character of Lady Macbeth. After getting her husbands letter about the witches predictions, she endeavors to resemble a man keeping in mind the end goal to radiate the quality expected to increase extra economic wellbeing as sovereignty. Lady Macbeth has all the earmarks of being exceptionally persuasive in arranging – choosing when and how they should murder King Duncan – and reprimanding her better half for not acting more like a man; yetRead MoreMacbeth s Character Analysis : Macbeth1086 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth s Character Analysis Shakespeare presents Macbeth as a noble thane of King Duncan in the beginning of the play. The three witches tell Macbeth he will become King of Scotland; his desire and ambition to become king causes him to suffer. Macbeth’s greed causes his change in character, and this is revealed by what he says, what he does, and what others say about him. Macbeth’s changes are revealed through what he says. Thomas Thrasher said, â€Å"Macbeth is a noble character of flawless moralsRead MoreMacbeth Character Analysis1073 Words   |  5 Pagesplay, Macbeth, there is a character who at first appears to be a noble and honest soldier under the reign of Duncan, but his ambition got to the best of him after hearing the three witches prophecies. Macbeths characteristics change gradually throughout the play. His lust for power is causing him to do terrible decisions that only creates guilt and paranoia for the fallen character. Shakespeare demonstrates the impact of the change of personality on Macbeth and other prominent characters. UltimatelyRead MoreMacbeth Character Analysis964 Words   |  4 Pages In the Shakespearean play ‘Macbeth’, the title character and his wife Lady Macbeth become the victims of the destructive force that is evil. Although the two characters shelter a sinister persona, Macbeth is less virtuous, demonstrating his villainous qualities conspicuously due to the crimes he committed that Lady Macbeth did not instigate. However, it is evident that Lady Macbeth, intertwined with other outside factors, was the primary motivation for Macbeth’s immoral inclinations, as she is viewedRead MoreCharacter Change In Macbeth1043 Words   |  5 Pagesthe play Macbeth, William Shakespeare showcases throughout the story as the main character Macbeth slowly changes in consciousness through his conquest for power. Shakespeare manages to portray their change in character through excitement associated with external action. Shakespeare shows through the course of the play as Macbeth changes from loyal general of King Duncan as he transitions to the tyrant king who will do anything to have his way. At first, Macbeth and his wife, Lady Macbeth, plot toRead MoreMacbeth Character Analysis1140 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Macbeth Thane of Glamis and Cawdor General in the King’s army Physical description and traits: Macbeth is ambitious, as well as superstitious, he is known for his military prowess, boldness and bravery. He is peerless, affectionate, loyal, dominant in imposing stern terms upon he vanquished. He is hubris, as well as an opportunist. He has a conscience, which hinders him at first in securing the crown. Role in Play: Macbeth is the protagonist, he is also the tragic hero. Role in the Plot:Read MoreMacbeth Character Analysis1180 Words   |  5 PagesChapter 1 Introduction to Macbeth William Shakespeare’s ‘Macbeth’, is ranked among the four great tragedies of the world, of ancient as well as of modern times. The concept of the tragedy is Elizabethan. These tragedies are basically tales of suffering that ultimately result in death. The protagonist in these tragedies is not only notably placed socially but is also conspicuous for his qualities of head and heart

The Relationship Among Working Memory Free Essays

The general focus of this research is to examine performance in standard cognitive frameworks and online tasks. The researchers hope to examine the influence that math anxiety exerts on mathematical cognition and to identify the processing components that are so influenced. HYPOTHESIS: The higher the math anxiety, the lower the working memory capacity, the higher the probability to get a low performance. We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Among Working Memory or any similar topic only for you Order Now VARIABLES: IV – math anxietyDV –working memory capacity, performance The independent variable math anxiety is manipulated into three levels: high, medium, low. The level of anxiety is determined through the use of sMARS (short math anxiety rating scale) is a 25-item version of the most widely used measure of this construct, 98 item MARS. The sMARS assesses an individual’s level of apprehension and anxiety about math on a 1-5 Likert scale, asking for participants’ responses about how anxious they would be made by various settings and experiences. The dependent variables —– working memory capacity and performance.Salthouse and Bobcock’s listening span (L-span) and computation span (C-span) tasks assessed participants’ working memory capacity by requiring them to store increasing numbers of words or digits in working memory while processing simple verbal or arithmetic tasks. In L-span task, participants hear a number of simple sen tences, one by one, and must answer a simple question about current sentence before hearing the next. In C-span test, simple arithmetic problems replace the sentences then the participants give the answer to each problem, one by one, and must recall the last number in each of the several problems within that, in order. In experiment 2, participants see the problem and are timed as they produce its answer verbally. In experiment 3, participants were given the L-span and C-span plus they were given a letter transformation task to test working memory capacity and processes. In the performance, examines through the results of the intensive working memory tasks. PROCEDURE: Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3 CONCLUSION: The researchers concluded with two more general remarks. First, math anxiety is not epiphenomenon — it is not a cognitive appraisal about oneself that is unrelated to the nature of mental processing.For example, statistics students who do poorly on an exam claim that they become confused, are unable to focus on the task at hand, or keep thinking about how poor they are at math. Regardless of the subjectivity of these claims, they are entirely consistent with the researchers’ main result: Math anxiety disrupts the on-going, task-relevant activities of working memory, slow ing down performance and degrading its accuracy. Second, the researchers note the positive effects of following advice with which this article began: that effect is an aspect of problem solving that deserves empirical attention.Cognitive investigations that include individual difference characteristics like math anxiety are rare, yet may prove useful in gaining an understanding of domain-specific cognitions. Furthermore, it now appears that customary assessments of working memory span, especially those using arithmetic stimuli, are sensitive to at least two classes of influences: the central capacity and processing characteristics of the individual, to be sure, but also the transitory effects of anxiety in the testing situation.Given current and important efforts that relate working memory mechanisms to processes such as reading comprehension, memory retrieval, and the like, it would be sensible to consider the possibility that anxiety or other individual difference factors may be influencing both the assessments of individualsâ⠂¬â„¢ working memory span and their on-line performance. * The subjects were assigned to the treatment are mixed —- in experiment 1 the lower level undergraduate sychology classes were recruited and they are to receive a credit for participating, in experiment 2 they have some subject from experiment 1 and the additional subjects volunteered their participation in return for extra credit, while in experiment 3 did again get additional subjects which also undergraduate psychology graduates . * The researchers used ANOVA — column 3 of table 2 (page 228) presents the correlation between sMARS and the remaining variables, using math anxiety group (low, medium, high) as a between-subjects variable.They also used ANOVA two-way to see if the decline in capacity differed as a function of type of span task. * The objective of the study was realized for they have gathered two general remarks form their experiments and they have explained well the conclusions they have made regarding the relationship among working memory, math anxiety and performance. How to cite The Relationship Among Working Memory, Papers

Strategic Marketing And Marketing Strategy -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Strategic Marketing And Marketing Strategy? Answer: Introduction Globalisation and competition has increased tremendously with advancement in internet technologies. Rise in pollution and awareness regarding environmental concerns has led corporations raise concerns regarding sustainable practices for their organisations. Marketing is core functionality of businesses that attracts customers and generates revenues(Kotler P. a., 2010). Revenues allows businesses to function profitability and cater to their shareholders. The scope of the current report discuses resources, environmental practices of CSL Ltd in Australia. Products, services, suppliers and customers of the Company with its pricing, promotions, distribution strategies and so on. Marketing includes a varied range activities with actual analysis product, price, method of distribution for the products of the Company. Marketing encompasses a varied range of services, which in case modulated can generate immense impact on the Company(Varadarajan, 2010). Marketing makes use of several technique s including 4P analysis for devising a marketing mix best suited to enhance sustainability for marketing efforts. There are several pharmaceutical companies in Australia including Australian Pharmaceutical Industries, Alphapharm, Sigma Pharmaceuticals, Prima Biomed, Solagran, Chemeq, Biota Holdings and other constitute primary competitors for CSL. CSL thus, needs to device its marketing strategies while analysing its competitors strengths and weaknesses. This will provide competitive strength to the Company to extend its core competencies(Hollensen, 2015). Company Introduction CSL Limited is an Australian based global speciality biotechnology company. It was founded in the year 1916 by the Federal government of Australia and later privatized in the year 1994. It headquarters are currently based in Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria and its current CEO is Paul Perreault(CSL, Retrieved on 22nd September 2017). It focuses on developing, manufacturing and marketing of products which are specialized in treatment of serious medical conditions amongst humans. Its primary product areas are vaccines, blood plasma derivatives, cell culture reagent, derivative vaccines along with various other genetic and medical research manufacturing with applications. Current revenues of the Company is USD 7.10 billion and net income is USD 1,899 million. Its website is www.csl.com.au. The Company has presence in USA, Germany, UK, Australia along with various other countries around the world. Figure 1: Company Logo Source: (www.livetradingnews.com, Retrieved on 23rd September 2017) Marketing Strategies Marketing strategies are devised by companies such that they can cater to marketing needs and customer awareness towards the Company. CSL is a large Company that caters to global base of patients dealing in exclusive range of products and services(Kotler P. B., 2015). Marketing procedure followed by the Company is transparent in nature as it provides sufficient information regarding products of the Company. All efforts and endeavors made by CSL conform to corporate social responsibility standards that is adopted by the Company. It aims to create all efforts in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner that allows gradual growth for its businesses. Figure 2: CSL Company Extent Source: (www.slideshare.net, Retrieved on 23rd September 2017) Marketing strategies for the Company includes a wide range of aspects as public relations, customer marketing, social media marketing and so on. It encompasses all marketing activities that are short-term as well as long-term oriented. Product information are easily accessible and available across to range of customers and professionals, who are involved in health care sector(Mullins, Marketing management: A strategic decision-making approach., 2012). Further analysis regarding its marketing strategies for sustaining profitability can be understood by using 4Ps of marketing. Figure 3: Marketing Mix 4P's Source: (www.dreamstime.com, Retriveed on 23rd September 2017) Product CSL manufactures various products for the markets that it caters to around the world. Its research and development strategy is focused on creating unique product creation that can attract a sizable population. Products of the Company includes insulin for treating diabetic related conditions in Australian markets, tetanus vaccines, various other vaccines and other drugs along with medicines(Goi, 2009). With privatization of the Company in 2000, it took over Swiss plasma company, ZLB Bioplasma AG, which further helped to extend its research and developmental facility. Its products are manufactured within several divisions as vaccines, antivenoms, pharmaceutical drugs and so on. The products are designed in an environmentally friendly manner that adheres to industry specific norms. The Company products are manufactured in Australian plant for its supply in the country and has high quality norms. Products of the Company has received minimum criticisms to conformance to quality and enviro nmental sustainability norms(Alon, 2012). It products have been able to provide tremendous sustainability to the Company as it conforms to several environmental regulations as being sourced from natural sources unlike other chemicals and drug companies. Its suppliers of raw materials needs to adhere to stringent quality norms that are extended by the Company such that the ultimate products conforms to standards. Price The Company has adopted competitive pricing for its various products. Such competitive based pricing methodology has allowed the Company develop significant market share and attract sizable amount of customers(Mooradian, 2012). However, heavy reliance on research and development has led to tremendous high costs for the Company which has reduced its profitability. As the Company was an initiative from the Federal Government of Australia, its Board members still maintain integrity in respect to its products. Various well researched products are developed due to their high demands in the market hence are often provided in the market at considerably less prices to increase their affordability(Aaker, 2008). This has created a reliance on their brand name rendering sustainability for the business of the Company. Distribution The place based strategy for the Company incorporates the ways it uses to distribute its various products in the market. The Company having a long-term establishment distributes its products through its existent lines of distributions(Ferrell, 2012). It has tie-up with several distributors and medicinal stores, which distributes its products across the healthcare market. Its distribution strategy is well interlinked and marketing professionals of the Company work together with distributors for refurbishing any products that might be exhausted form stores or healthcare units. Its distribution channel is integral to its success, which always maintains adequate stocks for the Company products. Its long-term existence and sustenance is due to its competitive distribution strategy and the exclusive relation that it maintains with its distributors(Proctor, 2014). Though distributor commission is comparatively low compared to its peers, but its steady relation and value based marketing tech niques that it establishes allows its competitive strength along with sustainability. Distributors like to be associated with its brand name due to high quality products and its capabilities to maintain relations. The Company is however still using traditional packaging methods and technology that does not yet conforms to sustainability norms. The Company is however present in relatively insignificant manner in suburbs of Australia. Though it has earlier developed various programs for Indigenous people but currently its focus remains relatively diverted from penetration marketing as it incurs comparatively higher costs.. Promotion Promotional strategy is an integral aspect of marketing that helps in development and creation of a brand name. CSL enjoys a leading share in the market in Australia overtaking Baxter, Grifols and other competitors(Peter, 2011). Though there is significant competition in the market, its quality products and long-term brand name allows it to have tremendous competitive advantage compared to rest of the companies. The Company being financed initially by Federal government enjoys significant financial strengths that has rendered it capabilities in research and developmental activities. Hence, its primary promotional activities is centered around marketing for its various research projects(Zinkan, 2012). Though it also advertises regarding its multiple drugs and vaccines in the market yet its marketing endeavors are focused on its various researches and value addition that it does in the field of medical sciences. Table 1: Market Share of Pharma Companies, Australia Source: (Investor.com.au, Retreived on 22nd September 2017) The Company incorporates a variety of promotional activities including brand marketing by way of public relation development, social media marketing, advertising in traditional methods including televisions, radio, putting up hoardings and so on(Mullins, Marketing management: A strategic decision-making approach., 2012). All promotional activities of the Company are done in a constant manner in order that the brand identity is maintained. The Company includes immense importance towards creation of brand name and identity for long-term engagement with its customers and professionals in health care sector. Comparison Marketing Mix 4Ps While CSL maintains tremendous amounts of sustainable norms in the industry other competitors are unable to compete with the tremendous potential of CSL. Marketing strategies that are adopted by the Company are relatively lower compared to its competitors strengths marketing strategies(Mihart, 2012). Comparing marketing mix of four Ps of the Company with that of its competitors reveal the following comparisons; Product: Products of the Company are relatively higher in quality compared to its competitors. Further, competition analysis reveals that the Company being relatively higher on research and developmental activates provides newer products to its market as against its competitors that barely provide new products. Primary competency of pharmaceutical companies are created by way of new product development and researching with drug types. Product development further allows companies to grow in their market share comparative to other companies that are present in the industry(Gummesson, 2011). Higher share prices and liquidity of the Companys share reflects, customer engagement and high brand recognition of the Company compared to its peers. Price: Prices of the Companys product is affordable compared to its peers in the market. Such prices further allow the Company to create a much larger market share, however it is suffering with lower profitability. While competitors charges relatively higher prices for drugs that are exclusive in the market, this company is barely concentrated on making profits from such endeavors. Though this allows relatively low profitability share but it has created greater demand for the products of the Company. Prices of some its vaccines as well as medicines that have been already had mass production in the market, are lower compared to its competitors(Perreault Jr, 2013). Place: The distribution of the products of CSL is done through traditional forms of distribution and it has not improvised its supply chain network since a long period of time. Competitors on the other hand have effectively enhanced their distribution network to provide greater competency and increased profitability. Various competitors has opted for forward as well as backward integration for their products that has created sustainability for business and helped it spread. CSL is lagging behind in this endeavor, which is impacting its business in the long run. Promotion: Brand name is created and retained through multifarious promotional techniques, which are adopted by several pharmaceutical companies. When comparing promotional strategies of CSL compared to its competitors it can be said that the Company conducts relatively less amounts of promotions compared to its peers. Competitors in the industry are adopting events and other programs for attracting healthcare professionals and also direct patients to their company by building greater brand recognition. Promotional strategy of CSL highly differs as they primarily promote through their distributor channels which sell their products. Further they have marketing personnel, who directly interact with professionals in healthcare as doctors, nurses and other staffs for promoting their products. CSL has been following this marketing strategic techniques for years whereas newer companies are adopting technologies along with other methods for their promotions. CSL lags behind in their marketi ng efforts, their marketing budgets is also comparatively lower compared to their peers and competitors. Recommendations Analysis of marketing strategy of CSL reflects that the Company is competitive compared to its peers or competitors within the industry. The Company has been able to extend its core competency in the market to cover its scope with divergent range of healthcare professionals as well as patient group. While client profile for the Company remaining divergent, it often needs to include multiple marketing tactics at similar point in time for advancing its competitive advantage in the market. However, the Company is still lagging behind in revenue share due to high amounts of investment into research and developmental activities. The below mentioned recommendations will allow the Company to extend its core competency and remain in leading position in Australian markets. CSL needs to encompass more generic products in its product basket to appeal to large number of health care professional and patients. With having immense focus on its research and developmental activities, the brand hardly focuses on existing generic drugs. In case the Company is able to cater to developing its existing range of drugs in a more sustainable manner, then it will be able to create a larger market share with dominance in all product categories. The Company needs to adopt varying price strategies for its varied products as newly researched products can have premium pricing whereas generic drugs can have base rate pricing methods. This will help create more customer demands and attract larger bases of customers. With an initiative towards its vision statement for creating a healthier society, the brand believes in sustainable growth with environmental conformations. The Company does not charges highly for its newly launched medicines or vaccines, which has hampered its capability to make abnormal profits in short term. Distribution strategy followed by the Company is supply chain that are comparable with its peers. The Company needs to create a value chain supply chain strategy for itself by supplying products with its own channels of distributions. The Company has tremendous financial capabilities to establish synergies. It can opt for backward and forward integration of its business, will allow greater retention of profits. The Company can develop strategies extensively in regards to environmental norms. Its newly accommodated Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) norms allows it to be a leader in biotherapy markets. Its CSR has been totality integrated in Company strategies which further provides adherence to environmental standards into its sustainability norms.; Reference Lists Aaker, D. K. 2008. Marketing research. John Wiley Sons. Alon, I. a. 2012. Global marketing. Mcgraw Hill Higher Educat. CSL. (Retrieved on 22nd September 2017). Company Profile. https://www.csl.com.au/about. Ferrell, O. a. 2012. Marketing strategy, text and cases. Nelson Education. Goi, C. 2009. A review of marketing mix: 4Ps or more?. . International journal of marketing studies, 1(1), 2. Gummesson, E. 2011. Total relationship marketing. Routledge. Hollensen, S. 2015. Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Investor.com.au, I. (Retreived on 22nd September 2017). Pharma Companies Market Share Australia. https://www.intelligentinvestor.com.au/csl-australias-best-resource-stock-part-2-0. Kotler, P. a. 2010. Principles of marketing. pearson education. Kotler, P. B. 2015. Marketing. Pearson Higher Education AU. Mihart, C. 2012. Impact of integrated marketing communication on consumer behaviour: effects on consumer decisionmaking process. . International Journal of Marketing Studies, 121. Mooradian, T. A. 2012. Strategic marketing. Pearson Prentice Hall. Mullins, J. W. 2012. Marketing management: A strategic decision-making approach. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Perreault Jr, W. C. 2013. Basic marketing. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Peter, J. P. 2011. Marketing management: knowledge and skills: text, analysis, cases, plans. Proctor, T. 2014. Strategic marketing: an introduction. Routledge. Varadarajan, R. 2010. Strategic marketing and marketing strategy: domain, definition, fundamental issues and foundational premises. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 119-140. www.dreamstime.com. (Retriveed on 23rd September 2017). Marketing Mix. https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-marketing-mix-illustration-white-background-image31768060#. www.livetradingnews.com. (Retrieved on 23rd September 2017). Company Logo. https://www.livetradingnews.com/csl-limited-asxcsl-heffx-highlights-44410.html#.WcXQ7_MjHIU. www.slideshare.net. (Retrieved on 23rd September 2017). CSL Company Extent. https://www.slideshare.net/IanTaylor50/arna-andrews-csl-limited-vienna-april-2016. Zinkan, G. e. 2012. Advertising research: The internet, consumer behavior, and strategy. . Marketing Classics Press.

World Energy Consumption Essay Example

World Energy Consumption Essay World energy consumption in 2010: over 5% growth [6] Energy markets have combined crisis recovery and strong industry dynamism . Energy consumption in the G20 soared by more than 5% in 2010, after the slight decrease of 2009. This strong increase is the result of two converging trends. Onthe one-hand, industrialized countries, which experienced sharp decreases in energy demand in 2009, recovered firmly in 2010, almost coming back to historical trends. Oil, gas, coal, and electricity markets followed the same trend.On the other hand, China and India, which showed no signs of slowing down in 2009, continued their intense demand for all forms of energy. In 2009, world energy consumption decreased for the first time in 30 years (-1. 1%) or 130 Mtoe (Megaton oil equivalent), as a result of the financial and economic crisis (GDP drop by 0. 6% in 2009). [7] This evolution is the result of two contrasting trends. Energy consumption growth remained vigorous in several developing countries, sp ecifically in Asia (+4%). Conversely, in OECD, consumption was severely cut by 4. 7% in 2009 and was thus almost down to its 2000 levels.In North America, Europe and CIS, consumptions shrank by 4. 5%, 5% and 8. 5% respectively due to the slowdown in economic activity. China became the worlds largest energy consumer (18% of the total) since its consumption surged by 8% during 2009 (from 4% in 2008). Oil remained the largest energy source (33%) despite the fact that its share has been decreasing over time. Coal posted a growing role in the worlds energy consumption: in 2009, it accounted for 27% of the total. In 2008, total worldwide energy consumption was 474 exajoules (474? 1018 J=132,000 TWh).This is equivalent to an average annual power consumption rate of 15 terawatts (1. 504? 1013 W)[1] The potential for renewable energy is: solar energy 1600 EJ (444,000 TWh), wind power 600 EJ (167,000 TWh), geothermal energy 500 EJ (139,000 TWh), biomass 250 EJ (70,000 TWh), hydropower 50 EJ ( 14,000 TWh) and ocean energy 1 EJ (280 TWh). [8] World energy resources and consumption review the world energy resources and use. More than half of the energy has been consumed in the last two decades since the industrial revolution, despite advances in efficiency and sustainability. 9] According to IEA world statistics in four years (2004–2008) the world population increased 5%, annual CO2 emissions increased 10% and gross energy production increased 10%. [10] Most energy is used in the country of origin, since it is cheaper to transport final products than raw materials. In 2008 the share export of the total energy production by fuel was: oil 50% (1,952/3,941 Mt), gas 25% (800/3,149 bcm ), hard coal 14% (793/5,845 Mt) and electricity 1% (269/20,181 TWh). [11] Most of the worlds energy resources are from the suns rays hitting earth.Some of that energy has been preserved as fossil energy, some is directly or indirectly usable; for example, via wind, hydro- or wave power. The term solar constant is the amount of incoming solar electromagnetic radiation per unit area, measured on the outer surface of Earths atmosphere, in a plane perpendicular to the rays. The solar constant includes all types of solar radiation, not just visible light. It is measured by satellite to be roughly 1366 watts per square meter, though it fluctuates by about 6. 9% during a year—from 1412 W m? in early January to 1321 W m? 2 in early July, due to the Earths varying distance from the sun, and by a few parts per thousand from day to day. For the whole Earth, with a cross section of 127,400,000 km2, the total energy rate is 174 petawatts (1. 740? 1017 W), plus or minus 3. 5%. This value is the total rate of solar energy received by the planet; about half, 89 PW, reaches the Earths surface. [citation needed] The estimates of remaining non-renewable worldwide energy resources vary, with the remaining fossil fuels totaling an estimated 0. YJ (1 YJ = 1024J) and the available nu clear fuel such as uranium exceeding 2. 5 YJ. Fossil fuels range from 0. 6 to 3 YJ if estimates of reserves of methane clathrates are accurate and become technically extractable. The total energy flux from the sun is 3. 8 YJ/yr, dwarfing all non-renewable resources. |Contents | |1 Emissions | |2 Primary energy | |2. 1 Fossil fuels | |2. 2 Coal | 2. 3 Oil | |2. 4 Gas | |2. 5 Nuclear power | |2. 6 Renewable energy | |2. 6. 1 Hydropower | |2. 6. 2 Biomass and biofuels | |2. 6. 3 Wind power | |2. 6. 4 Solar power | |2. 6. 5 Geothermal | |3 By country | 4 By sector | |5 Alternative energy paths | |6 See also | |7 References | |8 Further reading | |9 External links | Emissions The global warming emissions are the most serious global environmental problem. Therefore many nations have signed the UN agreement to prevent a dangerous influence in the climate system. What is dangerous concentration is a subject of debate.Limiting global temperature rise at 2%, considered as a high risk level by Stockholm Environmental Institute, demands 75% decline in carbon emissions in the industrial countries by 2050, if the population is 10 mrd in 2050. [12] 75% in 40 years is about 2% decrease every year. As 2011, the warming emissions of energy production continued rising regardless of the consensus of the basic problem. There is a 25–30 years lag in the complete warming effect of emissions. Thus human activities have created already a 1,5 Â °C temperature rise (2006). 13] According to Robert Engelman (Worldwatch institute) for security civilization has to stop increase of emissions within a decade regardless of economy and population state (2009). [14] Primary energy |World energy and power supply (TWh)[15] | | |Energy |Power | |1990 |102,569 |11,821 | |2000 |117,687 |15,395 | |2005 |133,602 |18,258 | |2008 |143,851 |20,181 | |Source: IEA/OECD | Energy by power source 2008[16] | | |TWh | % | |Oil |48,204 |33,5% | |Coal |38,497 |26,8% | |Gas |30,134 |20,9% | |Nuclear |8,283 |5,8% | |Hydro |3,208 |2,2% | |Other RE* |15,284 |10,6% | |Others |241 |0,2% | |Total |143,851 |100% | |Source: IEA *`=solar, wind, geothermal and biofuels | The United States Energy Information Administration regularly publishes a report on world consumption for most types of primary energy resources. According to IEA total world energy supply was 102,569 TWh (1990); 117,687 TWh (2000); 133,602 TWh (2005) and 143,851 TWh (2008).World power generation was 11,821 TWh (1990); 15,395 TWh (2000); 18,258 TWh (2005) and 20,181 TWh (2008). Compared to power supply 20,181 TWh the power end use was only 16,819 TWh in 2008 including EU27: 2 857 TWh, China 2 883 TWh and USA 4 533 TWh. In 2008 energy use per person was in the USA 4,1 fold, EU 1,9 fold and Middle East 1,6 fold the world average and in China 87% and India 30% of the world average. [17] In 2008 energy supply by power source was oil 33. 5%, coal 26. 8%, gas 20. 8% (fossil 81%), renewable (hydro, solar, wind, geothermal power and bi ofuels) 12. 9%, nuclear 5. 8% and other 4%. Oil was the most popular energy fuel. Oil and coal combined represented over 60% of the world energy supply in 2008.Since the annual energy supply increase has been high, e. g. 2007–2008 4,461 TWh, compared to the total nuclear power end use 2,731 TWh[18][16] environmental activists, like Greenpeace, support increase of energy efficiency and renewable energy capacity. These are also more and more addressed in the international agreements and national Energy Action Plans, like the EU 2009 Renewable Energy Directive and corresponding national plans. The global renewable energy supply increased from 2000 to 2008 in total 3,155 TWh, also more than the nuclear power use 2,731 TWh in 2008. [19] The energy resources below show the extensive reserves of renewable energy. Regional energy use (kWh/hab)[20][21] | | |kWh/capita |Population (milj) | | | |Fuel type |Average power in TW[22] | | | Fossil fuels Main article: Fossil fuel |Regional co al supply (TWh) and share 2009 (%)[23] | | | The twentieth century saw a rapid twentyfold increase in the use of fossil fuels. Between 1980 and 2006, the worldwide annual growth rate was 2%. 1] According to the US Energy Information Administrations 2006 estimate, the estimated 471. 8 EJ total consumption in 2004 was divided as follows, with fossil fuels supplying 86% of the worlds energy: Coal fueled the industrial revolution in the 18th and 19th century. With the advent of the automobile, airplanes and the spreading use of electricity, oil became the dominant fuel during the twentieth century. The growth of oil as the largest fossil fuel was further enabled by steadily dropping prices from 1920 until 1973. After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979, during which the price of oil increased from 5 to 45 US dollars per barrel, there was a shift away from oil. 24] Coal, natural gas, and nuclear became the fuels of choice for electricity generation and conservation measures increased energy efficiency. In the U. S. the average car more than doubled the number of miles per gallon. Japan, which bore the brunt of the oil shocks, made spectacular improvements and now has the highest energy efficiency in the world. [25] From 1965 to 2008, the use of fossil fuels has continued to grow and their share of the energy supply has increased. From 2003 to 2008, coal, which is one of the dirtiest sources of energy,[26] was the fastest growing fossil fuel. [27] Coal In 2000 coal was used in China 28%, other Asia 19%,North America 25% and the EU 14%.In 2009 the share of China was 47%. [23] [edit] Oil |Regional oil supply (TWh) and share 2009 (%)[28] | | | The use of oil doubled in China during 2000–2009. In 2009 the consumption of oil was in the EU 1,6 fold and North America 2. 5 fold compared to China. [28] [edit] Gas |Regional gas supply (TWh)[29] | | | In 2009 the world use of gas was 131% compared to year 2000. 66% of the this growth was outside EU, North America Latin Amer ica and Russia.Others include Middle East, Asia and Africa. The gas supply increased also in the previous regions: 8. 6% in the EU and 16% in the North America 2000–2009. [30] [edit] Nuclear power As of December 2009, the world had 436 reactors. [31] Since commercial nuclear energy began in the mid 1950s, 2008 was the first year that no new nuclear power plant was connected to the grid, although two were connected in 2009. [31][32] Annual generation of nuclear power has been on a slight downward trend since 2007, decreasing 1. 8% in 2009 to 2558 TWh with nuclear power meeting 13–14% of the worlds electricity demand. [33] Renewable energy Main article: Renewable energyIn 2008, Renewable Energy Policy Network for 21st Century[38] reported that renewable energy supplied around 19% of the worlds energy consumption. [39] It should be noted, however, that 68% of energy consumption counted as renewable came in the form of traditional biomass energy, i. e. plant and animal mat ter for heat and cooking fire in developing regions. [39] The renewables sector has been growing significantly since the last years of the 20th century, and in 2009 the total new investment was estimated to have been 150 billion US dollars. [40] This resulted in an additional 80 GW of capacity during the year. [41] Hydropower Main article: hydropowerWorldwide hydroelectricity installed capacity reached 816 GW in 2005, consisting of 750 GW of large plants, and 66 GW of small hydro installations. Large hydro capacity totaling 10. 9 GW was added by China, Brazil, and India during the year, but there was a much faster growth (8%) small hydro, with 5 GW added, mostly in China where some 58% of the worlds small hydro plants are now located. China is the largest hydropower producer in the world, and continues to add capacity. In the Western world, although Canada is the largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world, the construction of large hydro plants has stagnated due to environmen tal concerns. 42] The trend in both Canada and the United States has been to micro hydro because it has negligible environmental impacts and opens up many more locations for power generation. In British Columbia alone, the estimates are that micro hydro will be able to more than double electricity production in the province. Biomass and biofuels Main articles: biomass and biofuel Until the beginning of the nineteenth century biomass was the predominant fuel, today it has only a small share of the overall energy supply. Electricity produced from biomass sources was estimated at 44 GW for 2005. Biomass electricity generation increased by over 100% in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, and Spain.A further 220 GW was used for heating (in 2004), bringing the total energy consumed from biomass to around 264 GW. The use of biomass fires for cooking is excluded. [3] World production of bioethanol increased by 8% in 2005 to reach 33 billion litres (8. 72 billion US gallons), with mos t of the increase in the United States, bringing it level to the levels of consumption in Brazil. [3] Biodiesel increased by 85% to 3. 9 billion litres (1. 03 billion US gallons), making it the fastest growing renewable energy source in 2005. Over 50% is produced in Germany. [3] Wind power Main article: Wind power At the end of 2009, worldwide wind farm capacity was 157,900 MW, representing an increase of 31 percent during the year,[43] and wind power supplied some 1. % of global electricity consumption. [44] Wind power accounts for approximately 19% of electricity use in Denmark, 9% in Spain and Portugal, and 6% in Germany and the Republic of Ireland. [45] The United States is an important growth area and installed U. S. wind power capacity reached 25,170 MW at the end of 2008. [46] Solar power Main article: Solar energy The available solar energy resources are 3. 8 YJ/yr (120,000 TW). Less than 0. 02% of available resources are sufficient to entirely replace fossil fuels and nucle ar power as an energy source. Assuming that our rate of usage in 2005 remains constant, we will run out of conventional oil in 2045, and coal in 2159.In practice, neither will actually run out as natural constraints will force production to decline as the remaining reserves dwindle. [47][48][49] The rate at which demand increases and reserves dwindle has been increasing dramatically because the rate of consumption is not constant. For example, if demand for oil doubled, reserves would not last as long. In addition, the cost of fossil fuels continues to rise while solar power becomes more economically viable. In 2007 grid-connected photovoltaic electricity was the fastest growing energy source, with installations of all photovoltaics increasing by 83% in 2009 to bring the total installed capacity to 15 GW.Nearly half of the increase was in Germany, which is now the worlds largest consumer of photovoltaic electricity (followed by Japan). Solar cell production increased by 50% in 2007, to 3,800 megawatts, and has been doubling every two years. [50] The consumption of solar hot water and solar space heating was estimated at 88 GWt (gigawatts of thermal power) in 2004. The heating of water for unglazed swimming pools is excluded. [3] Geothermal Main article: Geothermal power Geothermal energy is used commercially in over 70 countries. [51] In the year 2004, 200 PJ (57 TWh) of electricity was generated from geothermal resources, and an additional 270 PJ of geothermal energy was used directly, mostly for space heating.In 2007, the world had a global capacity for 10 GW of electricity generation and an additional 28 GW of direct heating, including extraction by geothermal heat pumps. [3][52] Heat pumps are small and widely distributed, so estimates of their total capacity are uncertain and range up to 100 GW. [51] By country See also: Energy by country and List of countries by energy consumption per capita Energy consumption is loosely correlated with gross national pr oduct and climate, but there is a large difference even between the most highly developed countries, such as Japan and Germany with 6 kWh per person and United States with 11. 4 kWh per person.In developing countries, particularly those that are sub-tropical or tropical such as India, the per person energy use is closer to 0. 7 kWh. Bangladesh has the lowest consumption with 0. 2 kWh per person. The US consumes 25% of the worlds energy with a share of global GDP at 22% and a share of the world population at 4. 59. [53] The most significant growth of energy consumption is currently taking place in China, which has been growing at 5. 5% per year over the last 25 years. Its population of 1. 3 billion people (19. 6% of the world population[53]) is consuming energy at a rate of 1. 6 kWh per person. One measurement of efficiency is energy intensity. This is a measure of the amount of energy it takes a country to produce a dollar of gross domestic product. By sector World energy use per se ctor[54] | | |2000 |2008 | |Industry | Industrial users (agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and construction) consume about 37% of the total 15 TW. Personal and commercial transportation consumes 20%; residential heating, lighting, and appliances use 11%; and commercial uses (lighting, heating and cooling of commercial buildings, and provision of water and sewer services) amount to 5% of the total. [55] The other 27% of the worlds energy is lost in energy transmission and generation.In 2005, global electricity consumption averaged 2 TW. The energy rate used to generate 2 TW of electricity is approximately 5 TW, as the efficiency of a typical existing power plant is around 38%. [56] The new generation of gas-fired plants reaches a substantially higher efficiency of 55%. Coal is the most common fuel for the worlds electricity plants. [57] Total world energy use per sector was in 2008 industry 28%, transport 27% and residential and service 36%. Division was about the same in the year 2000. [54] [edit] Alternative energy paths Denmark and Germany have started to make investments in solar energy, despite their unfavorable geographic locations.Germany is now the largest consumer of photovoltaic cells in the world. Denmark and Germany have installed 3 GW and 17 GW of wind power respectively. In 2005, wind generated 18. 5% of all the electricity in Denmark. [58] Brazil invests in ethanol production from sugar cane, which is now a significant part of the transportation fuel in that country. Starting in 1965, France made large investments in nuclear power and to this date three quarters of its electricity comes from nuclear reactors. [59] Switzerland is planning to cut its energy consumption by more than half to become a 2000-watt society by 2050 and the United Kingdom is working towards a zero energy building standard for all new housing by 2016.

Social Security Disability and Social Media

Social Security Disability and Social Media Proposed Social Monitoring Initiative to Reduce Social Security Disability Fraud A proposal to enable the Social Security Administration to monitor Social Security Disability (SSD) applicant and recipient social media accounts is in the works. The goal of the proposal would be to reduce fraudulent disability claims.There is opposition to this, as some advocacy groups believe that monitoring social media profiles is not a clear way to determine if a person is disabled.In light of this proposal, we take a closer look at the percentage of SSD fraud, what programs are implemented currently to prevent fraud and other elements of the federal disability application process that should be addressed.How Prevalent is Social Security Disability Fraud? The Social Security Administration’s website addresses fraud, stating that it â€Å"works aggressively to prevent, detect, and prosecute fraud† and reports that due to their efforts, there is aâ€Å"fraud incidence rate that is a fraction of one percent.†What is the Social Security Administration Doing to Prevent Fraud? The SSA mentions its Cooperative Disability Investigation Program, which proactively investigates suspicious claims before benefits are awarded. The projected savings in 2018 was $188.5 million.The Bottom Line  There are instances of fraud where the beneficiary unethically withholds information to receive benefits, there are also corrupt judges and case reviewers motivated by greed. SSD fraud from all sources is wrong, and should be addressed and combatted.However, it is unfair to the thousands of severely disabled Americans who are waiting to hear if they are approved for benefits, or have fairly secured benefits to face unfair judgment because certain people are being corrupt and showing the program in a negative light. The Social Security Disability program is important to have in place as a safety net for those who dutifully worked for years and have become disabled.How Else Can The Social Security Administration Improve its Disability Processes?In addition to e liminating fraud, the system should be improved in order to make the process easier to navigate for applicants who are in dire need of benefits. The average wait time for an appeal was 595 days in 2018, nearly two years of waiting, which is unacceptable.How Strict is the Process to Obtain Benefits? The Social Security Administration’s definition of disability is strict, as an applicant must have a serious medical condition that is expected to last for at least one year, or is a terminal illness, to be considered for benefits. In addition, the process of applying for benefits can be complicated and time-consuming.In fact, 70% of initial SSD claims are denied. The next step is to request a hearing with an Administrative Law Judge, yet approximately half of the claims are rejected at this point. Due to the backlog in appeals, unfortunately, 10,002 people died waiting for a decision for their social security benefits in 2017.Why Applicants Should Turn to an Experienced SSD Lawyer The process is complex and confusing, which is why those interested in applying for SSD should partner with an experienced SSD attorney with a proven track record in order to guide applicants through the entire application or appeals process to help them obtain benefits.If you are disabled and are considering applying for Social Security Disability, contact the experienced team of Social Security Disability Attorneys at Disability Attorneys of Michigan. We understand how important receiving benefits is for your health, and we are there with you every step of the way, working tirelessly to help you obtain the benefits you deserve. Let us bear this burden for you.We Can HelpIf you are disabled and unable to work, call  Disability Attorneys of Michigan  for a free confidential consultation. We’ll let you know if we can help you get a monthly check and help you determine if any money or assets you receive could impact your eligibility for disability benefits.Disability Attor neys of Michigan  works hard every day helping the disabled of Michigan seek the  Social Security Disability benefits  they need. If you are unable to work due to a physical, mental, or cognitive impairment, call  Disability Attorneys of Michigan  now for a free consultation at  800-701- 5524.Let Michigan’s experienced Social Security Disability law firm help you get the benefits you deserve.Disability Attorneys of Michigan, Compassionate Excellence. Detroit Social Security Attorney, Michigan Social Security Disability Attorney, Michigan Social Security Disability Lawyer, Michigan Social Security Disability Lawyers

Sales Prediction for Northern Household Goods Case Study

Sales Prediction for Northern Household Goods - Case Study Example ion is the commonly used model in management sciences while its application is significantly noted in the areas of social sciences and natural sciences as well. However, in simpler terms, the statistical technique is used in order to determine the level of predicted variable on the basis of each amount of the predictor. Furthermore, the application of bipolar regression is dying out because one outcome variable in indeed influenced by multitude of the inputs such as the level of one’s organizational commitment is influenced by supervisory behaviors of the company, his or her pay-scale and nature of the job. In the given case, an organization is interested in developing a scatter diagram of the relationship between retail sales and disposal incomes of the family then the company is also looking to develop a linear regression model between the abovementioned variables. The 95% confidence interval about population data’s slope and finally, it is required to determine the l evel of sales if income of the household remains constant at the level of $58000. The p-value associated with X as a predictor of Y highlights that the relationship between the two variables is statistically significant. The lower and upper bound values determined in the preceding table for B represent a following 95% confidence interval: - In the light of established linear model, we can assume that the company can sell 23963 units if the household income would be 58000. However, we can establish that sales can be successfully predicted with the help of entering the level of household incomes of the

The systematic analysis of an art work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The systematic analysis of an art work - Essay Example The Museum possesses a permanent collection of Art works of American, European, Asian and Contemporary Art. The reason behind the selection of the painting- The Young Shepherdess is that it represents the attractiveness of village life. Besides, it stands for nostalgic feeling and realism. At the museum, the work was displayed on canvas mounted on board, with high concentration on minute details of female human body. Bailey Van Hook concludes that: â€Å"Bouguereau’s subjects divide into mythological and religious subjects and peasant genre.† (Hook 32) As an exponent of Academic Painting, Bouguereau’s subject matter is vivid, ranging from mythological, religious and peasant genre. Moreover, he was with a Classical approach towards composition, form and subject matter. Bouguereau was an exponent of Academic Art, which was deeply influenced by European Universities. He made use of nature allegories to bring out the essence of his unique ideas. As a supporter of Academic Painting style, Bouguereau granted highest status to historical and mythological subjects. This uniqu e art work belongs to peasant genre because the very face of the shepherd girl reveals her innocence and truthfulness of peasant life in remote villages. Besides, the work is symbolic of hardships of peasant life. The face of the girl reveals that she is without any emotion towards life and her defensive pose shows that she is with so many household responsibilities like rearing sheep. Her bare footed state, naked neck, ears and hands expose her poverty. Moreover, the artist was famous for his lively female portraits with a slight touch of eroticism. At this point, the artist makes use of color combination for the clarity of the painting. For instance, the girl is portrayed in light colors, i.e. grey, light grey, ash color and ivory white color. Here, one can see that the lower part of the girl is painted in dark colors/shades and the upper part is painted in light colors/shades.

Police problem solving techniques in Chicago Research Paper

Police problem solving techniques in Chicago - Research Paper Example So a given technique may apply to one section of the community and not the other. This paper will look at the problem of graffiti in Chicago and how the police have tried to combat it. It will describe the problem, provide statistical evidence, the situation on the ground and how it is being dealt with and what can be done to prevent the problem from occurring. â€Å"A group of related incidents or an ongoing situation that concerns a significant portion of those who live or work in a particular area. A problem is a persistent and more than likely will not be solved without some type of intervention, particularly between law enforcement and the community. Not all problems are serious criminal matters, but the police should respond to community concerns† (p. 126). Therefore community problems are many and do not necessarily need to be matters criminal in nature. Community problems are not only matters of concern to the law enforcers but also to the community and they should be differentiated from incidents. A problem can be identified by the characteristic of the victim, the location of occurrence, the behavior of the offender, the condition of the victim or the time of the day/week or month in relation to a special event. The problem of graffiti in Chicago has been persistent for quite a long period of time. Graffiti cannot be singled out as a crime as such but is a society menace. It is defined as a variety of markings, etchings and drawing which in their nature spoil public or private property (Battle, 2006). Graffiti is a form of communication used by gangs; it is used to mark territory, and often will list the names and nicknames of the gang members, project gangster attitudes and talk of current events in a given society. Scholars in the area of crime prevention have identified a number of categories in which to classify various kinds of paintings and

Marketing Information And Research

Marketing Information And Research Nestle Ghana limited is a fast moving consumer goods producer which started business in Ghana in the year 1957 as a Nestle product (Ghana) .The Company was then solely importing Nestle products such as milk, chocolate etc. Until 1986 when it was incorporated as food specialties (Ghana) limited producers and marketers of the locally well known Nestle brands. The company name change to Nestle Ghana limited in 1987. Nestle Ghana limited operations has created positive impact on the economy through their corporate Social responsibility activities relating to countries economy. Nestle Ghana effect on the Ghanaian society has led to the recognition of the government. Nestle has commitment to business principles which take into consideration the laws of the community in which they operate. Nestle recruit appropriate people and they are given training on how to work with them. Training is valuable at nestle because of it awareness that business success is effectiveness and the efficiency of it management and workers. 1.2 MISSION Nestle is producing healthy and nutritious food beverages to the people in the country. Through research, they are able to know the right ingredients to be used in the production. They also educate the public on health issues and how important it is to them. 1.3 VISSION Nestle wants to be the number one producer when it comes to food beverages and baby foods not only in Ghana but worldwide by delighting all customers with superior and new products. 1.4 PRODUCTS Nestle Ghana manufactures and markets well known brands such as Ideal full cream evaporated milk Ideal low cholesterol milk carnation filled milk carnation tea creamer milk Milo chocomilo ceralac Nestle also imports and distribute brands such as Nido powered milk -Lactogen infant formula Non infant formula Maggi Bouillons 1.5 COMPETITORS Nestle Ghana competitors with competitors Cadbury Promasidor PZ limited Friesland foods Vega foods 1.6 POSITION IN THE INDUSTRY Nestle is the leading producer of food beverages and baby foods in the Ghanaian market with a corporate image. 1.7 Our Customer Base The companys customers range from corporate customers and the general Ghanaian publics. Our corporate customers range from retail and wholesalers food beverage shops, restaurants, hotels etc. 2.0 Research Rationale: Nestlà © has over the years been able to maintain it position in the dairy industry by using its company to communicate and receive information from its target customers. The company will like to develop a new website due to changes in their business and to respond to the complaints of its customers, but before this is done the company will like to do research on the existing website to determine how profitable it has been and to know whether it was able to achieve its objectives. This is why Caesar Research institute has decided to do research in relation to the objectives quoted in the research brief to gather reliable information that will guide the company in developing their new website. 3.0 Research Objectives The research which we are to conduct is to achieve the underlisted objectives that have been quoted in the research brief. This is to help the company to know the profitability of the previous website and also to identify whether there was anything about the website that customers did not like about the site, in order to guide us in developing a new company website that will meet expectations the users of the site. In order to understand the quoted research objectives better, each objective have been broken down into more detail as follows; 1. To examine the attitudes of a range of current users towards the existing website What are the purposes upon which they browse Nestlà ©s current website? Do they use the website for any other purpose? Do they spend time to read information provided on the website? How often do they visit the website? Do they compare our website to that of our competitors? How do they rate our website in comparison with that of competitors? Addressing the objective this way can produce useful data as to the attitude towards the companys website 2. To determine how current users navigate through the existing website How are they able to navigate for information? How often do they use the search engine on the website? And do they get the information they want? Do they use the hyperlinks that link them to other pages? And do the hyperlinks direct them to the right destinations? Addressing the objective this way will help HFC to know how the users of companys website navigate through the existing website. 3. To compare perceptions of the organisations website relative to the websites of its competitors What do users think about the quality of Nestlà ©s website to that of competitors? Do they find Nestlà ©s website colourful than that of competitors? How resourceful do they find Nestlà ©s website in comparison with that of competitors? How easily are they able to navigate through the current website in comparison with that of Nestlà ©s competitors? What do they find interesting about competitors website that cannot be found on Nestlà ©s website? How do they rate Nestlà ©s website and that of Nestlà ©s competitors? 4. To identify the potentials for enhanced features on the website Is the website user friendly? How do they find Nestlà ©s new homepage? How fast or slow does it open when they click? How do they see Nestlà ©s new E-commerce shopping cart provided on the website? How helpful do they find Nestlà ©s new auto response help feature? How do they see Nestlà ©s new 247 chart support feature? How do they see Nestlà ©s new Flip catalogue/interactive e-catalogue? 5. To assist in the selection of the overall design or the website What do they think are the gaps in our existing website? What pictures do they wish to see in the new website to be developed? Do they wish to see animated images or still pictures? What is the reason for the choice? What feature on the website will they suggest to be improved upon? Any suggestion to what feature to be repositioned on the website? And why? 4.0Research Methodologies: In carrying out our research, we will make use both secondary and primary research methodologies to collect data that will guide us in the development o the new company website. 4.1.1Secondary/ Desk Research: Secondary research is defined as ‘information compiled inside or outside the organisation for some purpose other than the current investigation (Dibb et al 2001). However, this type tends to have been collected for other purposes other than for the current research objectives at hand. Purpose: In conducting the research, we will start with secondary research in order to know what information is available to us before we carry out primary research. This is to make use of the already stored data in the company database. This will give us insights of how and what to investigate further. Because the data already exist it saves time and money and also serves as a guide for primary research. However, this type tends to have been collected for other purposes other than for the problem or objective at hand. For this reason we will carefully examine the data in order to choose the relevant one. In order to collect relevant and concrete data for the research, we will set a criteria to guide us in screening the secondary data. The following questions will help us to do the screening: How relevant, accurate, and valid is the data? How current and reliable is the information? What is the cost involved in acquiring the information? How long does it take to quire the information? What was the purpose for which the data was collected? Is the data collected bias? Procedure: We will conduct a comprehensive research on both internal and external data sources pertaining to the website of Nestlà © for the purpose of this project. Having done that, we will give an interim report base on the research findings 4.1.2Internal Secondary Data: Internal secondary data is ‘data that have already been generated and/or collected by a business during its normal course of activity (www.esomar.org/../glossary-i.html). The internal secondary data of Nestlà © are the data that have already been collected and exist inside the company database which references could be made whenever the need arises. We will need to be provided with some data from the database to help us in the research. We will need data like; Data collected on complaints about the current website Data collected on the number of views by browsers per day We will need to be provided with ‘FAQ about the site We will need to be provided with previous expenditure made on web designs The reason for this is to have some facts pertaining to the existing website of the company to guide us in our research. 4.1.3External Secondary Data: The external secondary data are the ‘existing data that have already been collected by other organizations. (www.esomar.org/index.php/glossary-e.html). Data from outside Nestle which has been collected by individuals, or agencies for other purposes pertaining to Nestle will be referred to for information for the sake of this research. 4.1.4Justifications of Secondary Research The information already exist in one form or another, therefore it is relatively cheap It can be conducted quite quickly to provide marketing information where primary data is not yet available or not sufficient Secondary research can serve as a guide for primary research Although secondary research is important, it is not as accurate, or as useful, as specific and customized as primary research. 4.2Primary Research Primary research is defined (also called field research) involves the collection of data that does not already exist (wikipedia.org). We will conduct primary research to collect data specifically to help us achieve the set objectives in the project brief. There is the need to conduct a primary research for this project because; The secondary data collected might not reflect the research objectives at hand The data may be bias depending on who collected it In other to have a reliable and relevant data that corresponds with the current research objectives at hand, we will conduct a primary research. For this research we will address both qualitative and quantitative primary research methods to gather information. 4.2.1Qualitative Research Qualitative research is a body of research techniques which seeks insights through loosely structured, mainly verbal data rather than measurements (MRS, 2007). The qualitative research is extremely useful due to the research objectives at hand. We will start with exploratory research by using focus group discussion to tap data from browsers to guide us in developing a new website. Purpose: The purpose of the qualitative research is to help us gather in-depth information. We will undertake the research by taking a sample size of browsers of our existing website since we can not generalize to the whole population of browsers of the website. The respondents recruited will meet to discuss the following objectives as quoted in the research brief; To examine the attitudes of a range of current users towards the existing website To determine how current users navigate through the existing website To compare perceptions of the organisations website relative to the websites of its competitors To identify the potentials for enhanced features on the website To assist in the selection of the overall design or the website METHODOLOGY Focus group discussions A focus group is a form of qualitative research in which a group of people are asked about their perceptions, beliefs, opinions, and attitudes towards a product, service, concept, advertisement, idea or packaging, (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/focus_group). By using this method, we will use a moderator who will preside over the group discussions and will ask questions to seek their opinions, ideas or perceptions concerning the website of Nestlà © Ghana as stated in the project brief. The moderator will do this in an interactive group setting where group members discus the research topic freely among themselves. We will use focus group discussions because, It will help us to acquire live feedback through direct interactions with participants. It will generate quick results from a group of people It provides in-depth information to the research and provides rich data in participants own words Sampling We will use a quota sample approach to recruit participants from the lots of browsers that visit the current website. In doing this we will create criteria that will aid us to select participants and we will abide or adhere to the 1998 Data Protection Act and the MRS Code of conducts. Focus Group Browsers Groups Number of Participants Category Group 1 8 Working staff Group 2 10 Customers (users of the website) Recruitment of group participants: We will set criteria with which browsers of the site will be selected as participants of the focus group discussions. Participants will be selected by screening with short questionnaires through emails. We will do this by taking the email addresses of browsers of the website that have been stored in Nestlà ©s database made possible by their invisible web tracker code on the existing website. The selected participants will then be sent e-mail invitations in two weeks advance of the focus group discussions. The participants who meet the criteria (quota) for selection will be promised incentives. Participants from working staff will be given products from the company and cash incentive of  £50 and participants from customers who browse the website will be given the same products from the company and cash incentive of  £50. Procedure Two focus groups will be undertaken, the first group will be a group for working staff of the company, and the second customers who browse the companys website. Eighteen respondents will be recruited, of which group one consisting of working staff will be made up of eight participants, and the second group consists of customers that browse the companys website with a sample size of ten. An interviewer will be used who will preside over the group discussions, and will be well briefed with the research objectives so that what ever question he/she will ask will be centered around the project brief. All group discussions will be completed in two days. The discussions will take place at the conference center at Golden Tulip, adjacent the company on the airport street. The location will make it convenient for participants to commute and flexible for staff who are taking part in the research. Caesar Research Agency will alert participants that they are recording participants for further study of the focus group discussions by the marketing team of Nestlà ©. The session will be observed by four members of Nestlà ©s marketing team behind one-way mirror, and will be provided with concealed microphones to enable the observers to hear the discussions. The discussion guide that will be use will follow the following sequence; PHASE ONE The Introduction Phase- 30 minutes PHASE TWO The Discussion Phase 1hour a. Discussion Phase 1- (30 minutes) To examine the attitudes of a range of current users towards the existing website To determine how current users navigate through the existing website To compare perceptions of the organisations website relative to the websites of its competitors To identify the potentials for enhanced features on the website To assist in the selection of the overall design or the website b. Discussion Phase 2- (30 minutes) Projective Techniques to adopt Word Association Test and Brand Mapping PHASE THREE Summary Phase 30 minutes Recap of key points Delivery of incentives Acknowledgements Data Analysis After collecting all the data which takes the form of video, and text, it will be edited and stored on CDs to be analyzed by the marketing team of Nestlà © in order to aid them in creating of the their website. Data from transcripts will be simplified, data in graph, charts form will be followed with notes for better understanding. 4.2.2Quantitative Research: Quantitative research is a ‘research that is undertaken using a structured research approach with a sample of the population to produce quantifiable insights into behaviour motivations and attitutes (Wilson, 2006). Here we will base our research on quantifiable models, theories and hypothesis. The research will cover a wide range of users of the companys website to examine the attitudes of a range of current users towards the existing website, to determine how current users navigate through the existing website, to compare perceptions of the organisations website relative to the websites of its competitors, and to identify the potentials for enhanced features on the website. We will use Face-to-face interviews and E-mail Survey to tap data to enable us meet the research objectives. Methodology Part 1 Face-to-face Interviews: We will use face-to-face interviews due to the nature of the research objectives we wish to achieve. Despite possible interviewer bias, it can improve the quality and rate of responses. The face-to-face will enable us to meet directly with participants to tap information from them. The face-to-face interview will be advantageous in the following ways; it will ensure full and accurate data to be collected it is quick and easy to collect data the personal feeling attached to it will encourage high response from respondents It enable the interviewer to pick up nonverbal cues from respondents PROCEDURE The interview will take place at the Aseda Nestlà © Depot. The reason for this location is that, most of the people who come to purchase at the depot are mainly retailers and wholesalers, and they normally make use of our site from time to time to seek information before coming over to purchase. The interviewers will meet customers on the compound of the Aseda Nestlà © Depot to interview them in order to tap information from them concerning the research brief at hand. We will make use of three interviewers who will be trained to be prepared to handle a wide variety of potential questions and responses from the customers. Interviewers will warmly welcome the customers and ask them to spare him/her two minutes of their time to answer some few questions to help the research agency to conduct a research. The questions that will be asked will take the form of the under listed questions: How often do you visit our website? For what purpose do you use the site? Do you spend time to read information provided on the website? How often do you use the search engine on the website? How often do you use our online chat feature provided on the website What do you think about the quality of our website as compared to that of competitors? What can you find on competitors website that cannot be found on our website? What do you think are the gaps in our existing website? What images do you wish to see in the new website to be developed? Do they wish to see animated images or still pictures? What is the reason the choice? The interviewer will thank the customer for his or her time and contribution to the survey, and then give him or her some products from Nestlà ©, and then move on to interview another customer. Methodology Part 2 E-Mail Survey: E-mail survey is a research technique in which questionnaires are sent and returned by mail (www. Bnet.com). An e-mail survey will be conducted to reach a large number of people at different geographical locations. Here there will not be any strict criteria for selection of respondents. The population of interest will be customers who use the Nestlà © website, and our sample size will be 200 people. The use of the e-mail survey could be advantageous in the various ways; It is cost effective It is quick or less time consuming to conduct It reach number of respondents within a short period of time It yields rapid response Methodology A quota sample will be used where 200 participants will be selected from the population of interest (customers who use the Nestlà © website). Respondents will fall into these categories. Categories Sample size Customers 150 Working staff 50 We will refer to the database of Nestlà © to get e-mail addresses of some customers ie; hotels, restaurants, wholesale shops and retail shops. We will then send questionnaires to them through emails. We will send the mail to about 350 customers, so that we can get our sample size incase of low turn up. The questionnaire will cover the following objectives; To examine the attitudes of a range of current users towards the existing website To determine how current users navigate through the existing website To compare perceptions of the organisations website relative to the websites of its competitors To identify the potentials for enhanced features on the website To assist in the selection of the overall design or the website Participants will fill out the questionnaire by using check boxes and use the ‘reply feature on their mail software to return the completed form. To entice customers, we will assure them of a handsome package of Nestlà © products to the first 100 participants whose questionnaire will be received well answered. This is to generate a large number of responses from participants. 5.0Budget: PHASE DESCRIPTIVE COST ( £) Staff Moderators 20,000 Secondary research Purchase of relevant research paper 12,000 Qualitative research Focus group discussions 7,000 Quantitative research Face-to-face, and E-mail survey 6,000 Miscellaneous Expenses Transportation, refreshments, stationery purchase 5,000 TOTAL=50,000 6.0Reporting of Research Findings: Reports on findings and observations generated from the research will be prepared and submitted to the Marketing Department of Nestlà © Ghana. The report will include conclusions and observations of qualitative and quantitative research. A meeting between Caesar Research agency and Nestlà © Ghana Ltd will be held to review the previous report before the next stage of the research starts. A one hour oral presentation on analysis of the research data and recommendations on training areas will be presented. An electronic copy and hard copies of final reports which include detailed research findings and conclusion drawn from each stage of the research, tabulated results and fund allocation at each stage will be made recorded. 7.0Time: TASKS Weeks Project planning 1 Secondary research 2 Secondary reporting 3 Training of moderator for qualitative report 4 Recruitment of respondents 5 Qualitative Research 6 Qualitative report 7 Training of interviewers for quantitative report 8 Recruitment of respondents 9 Quantitative analysis 10 Quantitative report 11 Presentation 12 Final Report 13 8.0CV: Caesar Research agency is one of Ghanas fastest growing research agencies, using innovation research solutions to help clients develop and launch world beating products/services. We utilize the latest approaches to help our clients, and also we have extensive experience of implementing and managing quantitative and qualitative research projects within various industry sectors. Mr. Kwaku Barko is the Managing Director of Sky Research Agency. Mr. Kwaku Barko studied marketing in the University of Ghana and afterwards established his research company in the year 2002, and from then the company has enjoyed rapid growth to be among the top market leader in the industry. Caesar Research Agency has Mr. Jude Rockson as Deputy Managing Director, a top ranked marketer in Ghana. His duty is to oversee both the junior and senior staff of the company. His contributions have been of great help to the success of the company. We guarantee that all of our market research projects receive the close personal attention of a Senior Market Research Director and are undertaken according to the strict rules and standards of MRS code of conduct, the Data Protection Act of 1998 and the Esomar codes of conducts. If you are looking for advice or help with a market research project, please contact us through our online site Caesarresearchghana.com or phone us on +2330246059267. Task One (13 Sides of A4 sheets) TASK TWO (DISCUSSION GUIDE AND MODERATOR GUIDELINES) DISCUSSION GUIDE: A discussion guide is the guide prepared by a depth interviewer or focus group moderator to guide the topics under discussion (www.aqr.org.uk). The discussion guide will be prepared to help the moderator during the focus group discussions. We will use focus groups for the discussion. This is because, Focus groups allow the researcher to interact directly therefore, allows for the collection of rich data in participants own words They provide data from a group of people more quickly than interviewing people They are less expensive as compared to other methods A trained moderator will preside over the group discussion. Proceedings of the discussions will take the form of the followings; The introduction Phase The Discussion Phase The summary phase The Introduction Phase (30 minutes) The introduction phase for the discussion will be very brief and this will take about thirty minutes The moderator will welcome the participants to the group session, Introductions ; The moderator will briefly introduce him/herself. Any assistants to the group discussions will introduce themselves and explain their roles Participants will be asked to introduce themselves to the house The moderator will explain the purpose of the focus groups The time and rules for the discussions will be mentioned to participants Ethical clarifications; Participants will be informed

Charter Schools in Arkansas :: Teaching Education

Charter Schools in Arkansas Charter Schools Introduction charter schools have become a common site in many states today. Currently, there are over 24 states with charter schools established and many other states have passed legislation for the creation of charter schools. Arkansas passed legislation in 1996 that would allow for the creation of charter schools in the state. Governor Mike Huckabee made it a priority in his educational agenda in 1997 to allow a pilot program of 15 schools to be implemented statewide (Cohen, 1998). Even though Governor Huckabee and legislation is supporting this idea, there have been no successful applications so far. Charter applicants seek approval of the state department of education for the charter school but have meet with resistance so far. Fourche Valley School District in Yell County was the first to apply for charter school status in 1996, but was quickly turned down. The school has yet to reapply for the status. No other school districts in the state have attempted to file as of yet. Statement of the Problem. What is a charter school and what are the financial implications of creating a charter school? Review of Literature Charter schools are public schools but with a twist. They are created and operated by the educators, parents, community leaders, and others. The school must be sponsored by a designated local or state educational organization that monitors the school's progress, but that is as far as it goes. The school is free from the traditional bureaucratic red tape and policy makers from the state level. The school is basically governed at the local level. Some people view them as a local business meeting the demands of the community. The product they produce are educated children. If the quality of service is not being meet, the school answers to the community. This concept has high levels of accountability being placed on the school. As successful businesses know, if you produce a high quality product, the business will grow and succeed, if you produce anything less, you go out of business. Opening a charter school also brings with it the ability to choose the school where you want your children to go. The center for education reform has taken a strong view on the subject of choice with charter schools. They believe that if the students choose to attend a certain school and the teachers choose to teach at a certain school, then the chances of success are more likely because both have chosen to be there (Center for education reform, 1999).

Driver’s Ed Module 1 and 2 Reflection Journal

REFLECTION JOURNAL Name: Rochonna Shaw Modules 1 & 2Module 1: Driving is Your Responsibility:Please answer the following questions in complete sentences using proper spelling and grammar: Complete the K-W-L information below. K- What you Know List two things you know about driving.I know that you should always wear a seat belt.I know that you should be cautious of your speed limit while driving.W—What you Want to know List two things you want to know about driving.I would like to know the rules and regulations of driving.I would like to know the meaning of all the different road signs.L—What you Learned Identify at least two new things you learned from Module One.I learned that driving is a privilege.I learned that the majority of teen deaths are caused by vehicle collisions. Do you already have your learners permit? No If no, have you taken the 4 hour drug/alcohol certificate? NoModule 2: The Driver: Please answer the following questions:Aha Moments: Aha moments are times when you have been reading something and the text suddenly makes sense or becomes clear to you. Please use complete sentences and proper spelling and grammar. Describe three aha moments that you had as you worked through M odule Two.How will this information affect you as a driver now and in the future? (2-3 sentences) OR If you did not have any ‘aha’ moments, answer the questions below in complete sentences using proper spelling and grammar: List three characteristics of ‘at risk’ drivers. An ‘at risk’ driver is drivers who do not wear seat belts.An ‘at risk’ driver is a driver who speeds or exceeds the speeding limit.An ‘at risk’ driver is a driver who merges when it was safer to stop.List three characteristics of safe drivers. A safe driver is a driver who always wears their seat belt.A safe driver is a driver that scans the road to identify possible hazards ahead.A safe driver is a driver who uses their signal lights to a left or right turn. List three driver errors that could cause a collision.A driving error that could cause a collision is running the traffic lightsA driving error that could cause a collision is driving under the i nfluence if drugs and/or alcohol.A driving error that could cause a collision is driving while you are tired and sleepy.How will this information affect you as a driver now and in the future? (2-3 sentences) This information will affect me in a positive way now and in the future. This information is providing me with the knowledge of what to do and what not to do as a driver.

Different Views On Substance Dependece, Abuse and Addicition †Essay

Different Views On Substance Dependece, Abuse and Addicition – Essay Free Online Research Papers Different Views On Substance Dependece, Abuse and Addicition Essay Substance addiction, or substance dependence is the compulsive use of drugs, to the point where the user has no effective choice but to continue use. (Wikipedia 2005)Substance abuse refers to the overindulgence in and dependence on a stimulant, depressant, or other chemical substance, leading to effects that are detrimental to the individuals physical or mental health, or the welfare of others. (Wikipedia 2005) Historically the terminology surrounding drug use has been unclear and little concise. It was usual to distinguish between physiological and psychological need.If the drug altered the internal chemistry of the body to the point where the normal state was the dug state, it was called an addiction. However, if it was the abuser that centred his or her life on the procurement and use of the drug, it was called psychological dependence. (Alloy et al 1999) These definitions have not been embraced by all medical and psychological professions. It was discovered that all psychoactive drugs had both a psychological and a physiological effect. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) reserve the term dependence to conditions that specifically involve addiction, and call it psychoactive substance dependence. It also suggests nine criteria that include both physiological and psychological consequences and a person that fulfil any three of these nine come under the diagnosis mentioned. (Alloy et al 1999) The nine criteria listed by DSM-III-R. (Alloy et al 1999, Wikipedia 2005) 1. Preoccupation with the drug. 2. Unintentional overuse. 3. Tolerance. 4. Withdrawal. 5. Relief substance use. 6. Persistent desire or efforts to control drug use. 7. Pattern of drug-impaired performance in social or occupational circumstances or when dug use is dangerous. 8. The abandonment of important social, occupational or recreational activities for the sake of the drug. 9. Continued drug use despite serious drug-related problems. The DSM also distinguishes between dependence and abuse, drawing up the parallel diagnosis of psychoactive substance abuse. This is when the use of the drug is at an abnormal level, but not yet a dependency issue. A person that continue to use a drug even if it had a (1) social, occupational, psychological or physical impact, or continued to use it in physically dangerous situations. (Alloy et al 1999, Wikipedia 2005) The three terms substance dependence, substance addiction and substance abuse, are hence melted down to the two diagnoses of psychoactive substance dependence; including the elements of dependence and addiction, and psychoactive substance abuse. (Alloy et al 1999) In this essay alcoholism will be used as an example on substance abuse/dependence, as it is a common and easily accessible substance. The behaviourists view alcoholism as a powerful habit that is maintained by various cues and consequences. What is the primary reinforcer is debated, but suggestions like social acceptance, reduction of psychological tension and avoidance of psychological withdrawal symptoms have been made. (Alloy et al 1999) The behaviourists believe in two theories for substance abuse and addiction. The first one is the tension-reduction hypothesis, and the other is the opponent process theory. The tension-reduction hypothesis assumes the dynamics of alcoholism to be rooted in personal troubles faced by all. However some people are inclined to have a drink to alleviate the stress and discomfort, and if successful alcohol has a positive association. However, excessive drinking may cause stress and discomfort, manifested as guilt, and a viscous cycle is started. (Alloy et al 1999) Behaviourists have identified high risk and low risk persons based on personality scores. A person with outgoing, aggressive, impulsive and antisocial features where considered at higher risk for alcoholism, also the situation is critical to stress- handling. (Alloy et al 1999) The â€Å"opponent process† theory also offers explanations on addiction plus tolerance and withdrawal. It states that the human brain is organised such that any strong emotional state, regardless if it is pleasant or unpleasant, will elicit the opposite state (opponent process) to suppress and counteract the original state and that this mechanism will strengthen over time. (Alloy et al 1999) The theory states that after a while the relaxation with drinking (state A) will be cancelled out by underlying tension and irritability (state B or opponent process). Then state B will be experienced directly as withdrawal symptoms. (Alloy et al 1999) The early behavioural programs for alcoholics relied on aversion conditioning. They had initial success, but suffered from heavy relapse rates. Currently programs look into inadequate coping skills, such as unemployment and marital conflicts, and try to remedy these problems. (Alloy et al 1999) The cognitive theories has been developed by amongst others, Jean Piaget and Albert Ellis. (Wikipedia 2005) The cognitive theories view alcoholism as motivated and maintained by negative reinforcement, much like the behaviourists. However they focus on cognitive processes such as expectations, self-evaluations and attributions perceived as mediators for alcohol abuse. There are three theories; expectancy theory, self-awareness model and self-handicapping strategy. (Alloy et al 1999) The expectancy theory focuses on the expectations of the effect of alcohol, as a critical component in whether people will use or abuse alcohol. These alcohol expectations are developed through parents, peers, television and movies and together they from a schema. This schema will determine how that individual will respond to drinking. (Alloy et al 1999) The use of alcohol is also influenced by positive or negative expectancies, such as enhancement of social/physical pleasure, increase power and aggressiveness, and impairs performance and encourages irresponsibility. Hence if the positive expectancies outweigh the negative people will drink. This theory may be good at describing why people begin to drink, but not why they continue, as the expectations between drink number 1 and 10.000 will change. (Alloy et al 1999) The self-awareness model proposes that alcohol is used to disrupt information processing, and decrease self-awareness. It can be used in two ways; firstly if self-awareness involves negative feelings, then suppression of self-awareness will be negative reinforcing. Secondly alcohol can disinhibit and enable the person to flirt or be funny, a positive reinforcement. This theory however describes the alcoholic as reflective, self-focused and sensitive to criticism. Empirical findings describe an alcoholic as aggressive, extroverted and undercontrolled. (Alloy et al 1999) The self-handicapping model reasons that the alcoholic will drink if placed in a situation where he is likely to fail. The drink will be his excuse to fail, shifting the blame form themselves to the alcohol. There is no proof that this model leads to alcoholism, but it ties well in with both the expectancy theory and self-awareness model. (Alloy et al 1999) Treatments the cognitive way aim to attack the cognitive variables that are faulty. This is done by changing expectancies, increase sense of competence and teach ways of coping with failure. A mixture of cognitive restructuring and behavioural techniques are used. Attention is also given to prevent relapses, correcting how alcoholics handle slips so that it does not lead to a total relapse. (Alloy et al 1999, Wikipedia 2005) Sigmund Freud came up with the idea and developed psychoanalysis between 1888 and 1939. Psychoanalysis divides the human personality into three entities; the id, the ego and the superego. It is in the focus between the aggressive pleasure-seeking biological impulses and the internal social restraints against them that the human psyche is formed. Freud believed that personality is the result of trying to resolve this conflict, and to bring pleasure without also bringing guilt and punishment. (Meyers 1998, Wikipedia 2005, ) Freud theorised that this conflict is centred on the three systems: id, ego and superego. (Meyers 1998, Wikipedia 2005, Hayes 1994) The id is always trying to satisfy the basic drives and instincts. It is a reservoir of unconscious energy that constantly drives the human to aggress, survive and reproduce. The id operates on the pleasure principle and has to be restrained by reality so that it will not seek immediate gratification whatever the consequence. (Meyers 1998, Hayes 1994)) The ego is the controller of the id. It operates in the reality principle, and seeks to gratify the id’s impulses. However, the ego will only do this if it is a realistic way of realisation and it will not bring destruction or pain. The ego hence contains the partly conscious perceptions, thoughts, judgements and memories. (Meyers 1998, Hayes 1994)) The superego operates on how things ought to be. It forces the ego to consider not only the real, but also what is ideal. It strives after perfection, and judges any action producing either positive or negative feelings. As the id’s demands are often the opposite of the superego, the ego in the middle struggles to reconcile the two. (Meyers 1998, Hayes 1994)) People with a present rather than a future time perspective is what Freud would have called id dominated persons. This is a personality type that more often use/overuse tobacco, alcohol and other drugs. They are willing to jeopardise future happiness for instant pleasure. (Meyers 1998, Hayes 1994)) The humanistic perspective came as a reaction to the negativity of Freud. They focused on how healthy people live and strive for self-determination and self-realisation, and emphasised on the growth potential of healthy people. The emphasis was on the free will and that people play an active role in determining how they act. The two leading theorists in the humanist movement are Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. The humanistic approach has been criticised for promoting an optimistic but often vague view of the mind. (Meyers 1998, Wikipedia 2005, Hayes 1994)) Maslows theory proposed a hierarchy of needs. To move to the next level in the hierarchy a person had to fulfil his or her needs at the level they are. The different levels are seen in figure 1. (Meyers 1998, Hayes 1994)) Figure 1: Maslows Pyramid The ultimate goal for a person is to seek and achieve self-actualisation, fulfilling the person’s whole potential. Another way to view the pyramid is that one can achieve higher levels on the pyramid in some areas, but still try to cover the lower areas in other aspects of life. (Meyers 1998, Hayes 1994)) Alcoholics may find themselves trying to meet their physiological needs, when it comes to alcohol. If the alcoholic in addition lives on the street, safety needs are not met either. However, if the alcoholic is well-educated has a good job and income, then maybe it is the social needs or self-esteem needs that are not covered. (Meyers 1998, Hayes 1994)) Rogers believed that healthy people could satisfy their need for positive regard and self-actualisation, and being in a constant process of self-development and psychological growth. (Meyers 1998, Wikipedia 2005, Hayes 1994)) If people lack this positive regard from others they will be mentally ill, and afraid of what they do may meet disapproval from others. They will constantly feel they have to gain positive regard from others, and their self-concept impossible to live up to. (Meyers 1998, Hayes 1994)) The person will then be torn between true inner self and outer self. This battle Rogers believed could lead to both neurosis and psychosis. It is then up to the therapist to establish this relationship of unconditional positive regard. (Meyers 1998, Hayes 1994)) The different theories and models described, all aim at different aspects of the human psyche and how substance abuse and dependence might be explained. It is such a complex theme that I feel it is unlikely that any single one of these theories have the full answer. Not being a psychologist I would say it is more likely to view a patient bearing all the theories in mind, and using the different theories to explain different areas of the abusers/addicts mind. However, should I pick one I feel is the best model, I would have to go with the behavioural view. I feel it encompass a lot of the issues, and that with this approach the other theories can be used in conjunction when appropriate. I feel that behaviour is quite essential to how a person end up, and that the environment is a strong influence. To change a habit of abuse and addiction is also to change behaviour. Word Count: 2010. Reference: Myers D.G. (1998), Psychology, 5th edition, Worth Publishers Alloy, Jacobsen, Acocella (1999), Abnormal Psychology: Current Perspectives, 8th edition, McGraw Hill Hayes N. (1994), Foundations of Psychology an Introductory Text, 1st edition, Routledge http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_psychology#Humanistic_theories http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_psychology http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_psychology Research Papers on Different Views On Substance Dependece, Abuse and Addicition - EssayThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThree Concepts of PsychodynamicDefinition of Export QuotasAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesGenetic Engineering